Borneo

Ngaju Dayak funerary practice divides death into two ceremonies separated by an interval that can run from months to several years. The first burial is treated as provisional, the deceased regarded as still lingering near the world of the living until the family can gather the wealth a proper second rite requires, chiefly water buffalo for sacrifice. The second ceremony, the tiwah, exhumes the remains, cleans and reburies the bones in a small ossuary structure called a sandung, and through days of ritual, offering and buffalo sacrifice sends the soul on its final journey to Lewu Tatau, the Ngaju afterworld, completing a passage the first burial only began.

Kaharingan itself gained a form of state recognition unusual among indigenous religions in the region. Indonesia's constitution requires citizens to register belief in one god among a small list of officially sanctioned religions, and Kaharingan practitioners secured inclusion in 1980 by having the tradition administratively classified as a variant of Hinduism, a designation that preserved legal standing for Dayak ritual life, including the tiwah, without requiring the religion to abandon Ranying Hatalla Langit and the wider structure of upperworld and underworld spirits the classification does not actually describe.