Home›Church, Sacraments and Authority›Attributed ToBrowse ByAttributed ToThis page groups doctrines by the body credited with issuing them. Wikipedia notes that "often the word doctrine specifically suggests a body of religious principles as promulgated by a church." Browsing by attributed-to lets a visitor find every doctrine issued by the same body.FactsLearn MoreAttributed ToSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsDirectoryCategoryWell-attestedDoctrines 1Learn MoreThirty Five Doctrines of Who Leads and What the Rites Require This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.Church, Sacraments and Authority gathers thirty five doctrines about who may lead a religious body, what its rites require and mean, and how each question has split communities that agree on almost everything else. Authority is the largest thread. Apostolic succession grounds Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican ordination in an unbroken chain from the apostles, while congregational, presbyterian and episcopal polity name three different answers to where binding authority sits, and papal primacy and infallibility state Rome's own most contested claim within that debate. Orthodoxy answers differently again, ranking Constantinople first in honor rather than jurisdiction, a settlement tested by the 2019 Tomos granting Ukraine its own autocephaly. Twelver, Ismaili and Zaydi Shia Islam each locate authority in the imamate through a different line from Ali, and the Latter-day Saint Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthood, once restricted by race until 1978, names a third model again, delegated authority rather than inherited office. The Baha'i Faith and Christian Science abolish the office outright, one refusing any priesthood, the other ordaining a book as pastor. Sacraments raise their own disputes: believer's baptism against infant baptism, the real presence in the eucharist as the sharpest Western division of all, and open against closed communion over what shared bread announces. Indulgence and simony name two ways the medieval church monetized grace and office. Worship rules close the group, the regulative principle and a cappella practice insisting on positive scriptural warrant, against the Wesleyan and Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilaterals, which test doctrine by scripture, tradition, reason and historic order together.Attributed ToFilter Results7 entriesAlso Known AsAllAquinas (1)Calvin (1)Luther (1)CanonizationAllFormally canonized (1)Formally canonized (1)Pre-Congregation: venerated before any formal process existed (1)Feast DayAll28 June (1)FoundedAllFounded the Methodist movement within the Church of England, organizing converts into small accountability groups called class meetings, a structure that outlived his intention to remain within Anglicanism and became the basis of the independent Methodist Church after his death. (1)His Ecclesiastical Ordinances of 1541 established Geneva's fourfold ministry of pastors, teachers, elders and deacons, the structure that became the template for Reformed and Presbyterian church government. (1)GenderAllMale (7)HistoricityAllHistorically attested (7)Key TextAllA Plain Account of Christian Perfection, his own statement of the doctrine that a Christian may be perfected in love in this life, is his key doctrinal work. (1)Against Heresies, written to set out the Gnostic systems and to answer them (1)He wrote his own scriptures, among them the Living Gospel and the Shabuhragan, precisely so that his teaching could not be altered by disciples after him. (1)His German translation of the Bible, alongside his hymns and catechisms for ordinary use, is the body of writing that reshaped German religious language; his collected works run to more than a hundred volumes. (1)His Sixty-Seven Articles of 1523 and his Commentary on True and False Religion set out the Reformed positions his Zurich disputations established. (1)His Summa Theologiae, left unfinished at his death, opens its treatment of God's existence with the Five Ways, arguments from motion, causation, contingency, gradation and design, that remain among the most frequently taught arguments in the philosophy of religion. (1)The Institutes of the Christian Religion, the most systematic and most influential theological work the Reformation produced, is the text his influence rests on. (1)Lifespan or FloruitAll1483-1546 (1)1484-1531 (1)1509-1564 (1)1703-1791 (1)About 130 to about 200 (1)c. 216-c. 276 (1)Lifespan or Floruit End YearAll200 (1)276 (1)1274 (1)1531 (1)1546 (1)1564 (1)1791 (1)Lifespan or Floruit Start YearAll130 (1)216 (1)1225 (1)1483 (1)1484 (1)1509 (1)1703 (1)LineageAllTradition holds that as a young man he heard Polycarp of Smyrna preach, and Polycarp was himself said to have been a direct disciple of the apostle John, giving Irenaeus a claimed chain of just two links back to apostolic testimony, a chain he invokes explicitly in his own writing against the Gnostics. (1)Manner of DeathAllDied of natural causes (1)Executed (1)Killed in battle (1)Manner of Death DetailAllDied in captivity at Gundeshapur about 276, imprisoned in chains under Bahram I at the urging of the Zoroastrian priesthood (1)Killed at the battle of Kappel in October 1531, serving with the Zurich forces (1)Notable PublicationAllHe composed his own scriptures rather than leaving them to disciples, among them the Living Gospel, the Treasure of Life, the Book of Mysteries, the Pragmateia and the Book of Giants (1)His German Bible, the New Testament in 1522 and the complete text in 1534, whose influence on the German language is compared to that of the King James Version on English (1)His Standard Sermons and Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament, both compiled from his own preaching and teaching, became the doctrinal standards by which Methodist preachers were tested. (1)The Institutes of the Christian Religion, first published 1536 and expanded until the definitive edition of 1559 (1)The Ninety-Five Theses of 1517, a Latin disputation against the preaching of indulgences (1)Office HeldAllAugustinian friar and professor of biblical studies at Wittenberg. (1)Bishop of Lyons (1)Priest of the Church of England, in which he remained until his death; from 1784 the Conference was his legal successor (1)Origin of the NameAllNot to be confused with Mani the Norse moon god, held separately in this atlas; the two names are unrelated (1)Place of ActivityAllGeneva, with three years at Strasbourg during his expulsion (1)Naples, Cologne, Paris and Rome (1)The Sasanian empire, with missions reaching India, Roman Egypt and Central Asia (1)Wittenberg, where he was professor of biblical studies, and the Wartburg during his outlawry (1)Zurich, where he was people's priest at the Grossmunster from 1519 (1)Place of OriginAllBabylonia, in the territory passing from Parthian to Sasanian rule (1)Eisleben, in Saxony (1)Epworth, Lincolnshire (1)Noyon, in Picardy (1)Roccasecca in the Kingdom of Sicily (1)Wildhaus, in the Toggenburg valley (1)Shrine or Burial PlaceAllBuried in the graveyard behind Wesley's Chapel on City Road in London, the church he built as his own society's London base. (1)Status Within the TraditionAllAssociated above all with the doctrine of predestination, God's eternal decree electing some to salvation and passing over others, which he systematized in the Institutes though he did not originate it among Reformed theologians. (1)Central to his theology is justification by faith alone, sola fide, that a person is reckoned righteous before God through faith received as a gift rather than through merit earned by works, a position his followers formalized against Rome's teaching in the 1530 Augsburg Confession. (1)His dispute with Martin Luther over the nature of Christ's presence in the Eucharist came to a head at the 1529 Marburg Colloquy, where the two reformers reached agreement on nearly every other point of doctrine yet could not resolve this single sacramental question, leaving the Reformed and Lutheran movements permanently divided on it. (1)Term CoinedAllChristian perfection, his doctrine that a believer may in this life be so filled with love that sin no longer reigns (1)Traditions Revering This FigureAllChristianity (3)Veneration TodayAllActively venerated in a living tradition (2)BrowseCompareHuldrych ZwingliAttributed To1 entryIrenaeusAttributed To1 entryJohn CalvinAttributed To1 entryJohn WesleyAttributed To1 entryMani the ProphetAttributed To1 entryMartin LutherAttributed To1 entryThomas AquinasAttributed To1 entrySources1. Divinity Atlas Directory Taxonomy, First Edition Category Treetier 1Divinity Atlas Directory Prose, First Edition Category Descriptionstier 1Comments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.