Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
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Divinity Atlas

Disputed Statements

Claims this atlas currently marks as unsettled or as tested and found false. A debated fact is one scholars hold competing positions on; a debunked one has been checked against the record and found not to hold. Both are kept in view rather than quietly smoothed over, with the reasoning that put each one where it stands.

3,315 statements marked Debated.

Elijah, HistoricityHistoricity debated

Elijah, Figures

Standing

Concerns Historicity

Currently States Historicity debated

Lester L. Grabbe's Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? (2007) records that Elijah is known only from the narratives of 1 and 2 Kings, themselves written down long after the ninth century BCE events they describe, with no extra-biblical attestation of the prophet in the Assyrian, Moabite or other contemporary records of the period that do mention the northern kingdom of Israel.

Source Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?, Lester L. Grabbe

Elisha, HistoricityHistoricity debated

Elisha, Figures

Standing

Concerns Historicity

Currently States Historicity debated

Whether Elisha was a historical ninth century BCE prophet active in the northern kingdom of Israel or a figure built up from a later miracle cycle attached to Elijah's succession. The only source is the Deuteronomistic History (2 Kings), compiled long after the events it narrates, and the political material, Elisha's anointing of Hazael of Aram and Jehu of Israel, touches events also known from outside the Bible, while the miracle stories, the floating axe head, the raised Shunammite boy, the healing of Naaman, have no independent check at all. Lester L. Grabbe's Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? (2007) surveys exactly this kind of case, weighing which parts of the Deuteronomistic narrative can be cross-checked against archaeology or outside record and which cannot, and treats the prophetic cycles as the least secure part of the history. Neither a confident historical Elisha nor a purely literary one commands consensus.

Source Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?, Lester L. Grabbe

Ellen G. White, How Its Legacy Is ContestedHistorians, including some within the Seventh-day Adventist Church, have documented substantial unattributed borrowing in her books from other religious writers of her era. The church generally reads this as compilation under inspiration; independent scholars generally read it as evidence against a wholly original prophetic voice. What she read and repeated is not seriously disputed; what it means for her authority is.

Ellen G. White, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns How Its Legacy Is Contested

Currently States Historians, including some within the Seventh-day Adventist Church, have documented substantial unattributed borrowing in her books from other religious writers of her era. The church generally reads this as compilation under inspiration; independent scholars generally read it as evidence against a wholly original prophetic voice. What she read and repeated is not seriously disputed; what it means for her authority is.

Source Ellen G. White (Wikipedia), Wikipedia contributors

Emerald Buddha, MaterialSingle block of green semi-precious stone (jade or jasper), not emerald

Emerald Buddha, Artifacts & Relics

Standing

Concerns Material

Currently States Single block of green semi-precious stone (jade or jasper), not emerald

Encyclopaedia Britannica's Emerald Buddha entry (2023 access) examines the statue's actual material, despite its name, since the figure is carved from a single piece of green stone rather than emerald itself. Britannica's method is descriptive art history drawing on prior published mineral assessments, and it records the stone has been variously described as jadeite, nephrite or green jasper by different observers, while no published destructive or minimally invasive scientific analysis has been carried out to settle which mineral it actually is, out of respect for the statue's sacred status.

Source Emerald Buddha (Encyclopaedia Britannica), Encyclopaedia Britannica

Emerald Buddha, Date AttributedImage style points to the 14th-15th century; legendary origin far earlier

Emerald Buddha, Artifacts & Relics

Standing

Concerns Date Attributed

Currently States Image style points to the 14th-15th century; legendary origin far earlier

Melody Rod-ari's essay on Wat Phra Kaew, the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, published on the art history teaching platform Smarthistory in 2021, examines the statue's stylistic features against the traditional legend of an ancient Indian origin transported through Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Rod-ari's method is comparative art-historical stylistic analysis, and she finds the statue's actual carved features point instead to Khmer manufacture, which is stylistically and chronologically inconsistent with the legendary Ceylon origin story attached to the statue in Lao chronicle tradition.

Source Wat Phra Kaew (Temple of the Emerald Buddha), Smarthistory, Melody Rod-ari

Emet, Origin PeriodA central ethical and theological term throughout the Hebrew Bible from its earliest strata; its rabbinic naming as one of the world's three foundations is attributed to Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, active in the first and second centuries CE, within Pirkei Avot as compiled into the Mishnah around 200 CE.

Emet, Virtues

Standing

Concerns Origin Period

Currently States A central ethical and theological term throughout the Hebrew Bible from its earliest strata; its rabbinic naming as one of the world's three foundations is attributed to Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, active in the first and second centuries CE, within Pirkei Avot as compiled into the Mishnah around 200 CE.

Source The Mishnah: A New Translation, Jacob Neusner, trans.

Emily Rosa, Lifespan or Floruit Start Year1987

Emily Rosa, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns Lifespan or Floruit Start Year

Currently States 1987

She was eleven years old when her paper on therapeutic touch was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1998, which places her birth around 1987. No published account gives her birth year directly; it is worked out from her stated age at publication rather than read from a birth record, so it should be treated as a close estimate rather than a fixed date.

Source A Close Look at Therapeutic Touch, Linda Rosa, Emily Rosa, Larry Sarner and Stephen Barrett

Emotional Body, Origin Period Start Year1987

Emotional Body, Aura Layers

Standing

Concerns Origin Period Start Year

Currently States 1987

According To Seven-layer aura (Barbara Brennan, Hands of Light)

Kurt Leland's Rainbow Body: A History of the Western Chakra System from Blavatsky to Brennan (Ibis Press, 2016), which traces the aura and chakra literature through to Brennan, dates Barbara Ann Brennan's Hands of Light, the same book credited elsewhere on this page with fixing the seven named aura layers and their pairing with the seven chakras, to 1987 by its publisher's catalogue record, while some other library catalogues list the same first edition as 1988. Leland notes the one-year discrepancy without resolving it; it most likely reflects the ordinary gap between a book's stated copyright year and its public release the following year, a common source of one-year catalogue disagreements. The atlas's own articles on the aura layers follow 1987, and this property records that year while flagging the alternative rather than asserting either flatly.

Source Rainbow Body: A History of the Western Chakra System from Blavatsky to Brennan, Kurt Leland

Emotional Body, Origin Period End Year1987

Emotional Body, Aura Layers

Standing

Concerns Origin Period End Year

Currently States 1987

According To Seven-layer aura (Barbara Brennan, Hands of Light)

Kurt Leland's Rainbow Body: A History of the Western Chakra System from Blavatsky to Brennan (Ibis Press, 2016), which traces the aura and chakra literature through to Brennan, dates Barbara Ann Brennan's Hands of Light, the same book credited elsewhere on this page with fixing the seven named aura layers and their pairing with the seven chakras, to 1987 by its publisher's catalogue record, while some other library catalogues list the same first edition as 1988. Leland notes the one-year discrepancy without resolving it; it most likely reflects the ordinary gap between a book's stated copyright year and its public release the following year, a common source of one-year catalogue disagreements. The atlas's own articles on the aura layers follow 1987, and this property records that year while flagging the alternative rather than asserting either flatly.

Source Rainbow Body: A History of the Western Chakra System from Blavatsky to Brennan, Kurt Leland

Empedocles, How Its Legacy Is ContestedAncient tradition has Empedocles, who lived from about 494 to about 434 BC, leap into the crater of Etna. The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th edition, Hornblower, Spawforth and Eidinow, eds., Oxford University Press, 2012) treats the story as late testimony, evidence of his posthumous reputation rather than of how he actually died.

Empedocles, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns How Its Legacy Is Contested

Currently States Ancient tradition has Empedocles, who lived from about 494 to about 434 BC, leap into the crater of Etna. The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th edition, Hornblower, Spawforth and Eidinow, eds., Oxford University Press, 2012) treats the story as late testimony, evidence of his posthumous reputation rather than of how he actually died.

Source The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th edition, Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth and Esther Eidinow (eds.)

Empedocles, Lifespan or Floruit Start Year-494

Empedocles, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns Lifespan or Floruit Start Year

Currently States -494

The source gives this year as about, its own approximate estimate rather than a fixed date.

Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman (eds.)

Empedocles, Lifespan or Floruit End Year-434

Empedocles, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns Lifespan or Floruit End Year

Currently States -434

The source gives this year as about, its own approximate estimate rather than a fixed date.

Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman (eds.)

Emperor Wu Establishes Confucianism As Han State Orthodoxy, Start Year-136

Emperor Wu Establishes Confucianism As Han State Orthodoxy, Spread Events

Standing

Concerns Start Year

Currently States -136

136 BCE is the year traditionally credited to Dong Zhongshu's proposal and Emperor Wu's decree; the source's own wording is "traditionally associated with," and modern scholarship treats Confucian state orthodoxy as a gradual institutional process, formalized further over subsequent decades through the examination and recommendation systems, rather than a single decisive event on one date.

Source Dong Zhongshu (New World Encyclopedia), New World Encyclopedia contributors

Emperor Wu of Han, How Its Legacy Is ContestedWhether his reign established Confucianism as a state orthodoxy

Emperor Wu of Han, Figures

Standing

Concerns How Its Legacy Is Contested

Currently States Whether his reign established Confucianism as a state orthodoxy

Michael Nylan's The Five 'Confucian' Classics (Yale University Press, 2001) examines the traditional account crediting Emperor Wu of Han with elevating Confucian classics on the advice of the scholar Dong Zhongshu while setting other schools of thought aside. Nylan's revisionist historical method, examining the actual administrative record of the reign, finds the imperial court went on employing officials trained in Legalist administration and coercive economic policy throughout Wu's reign, that the Confucian canon was not yet fixed in the form it later took, and that classicists in fact competed for imperial attention with other kinds of specialists rather than simply displacing them as the traditional account suggests. Nylan notes both readings agree that after this reign, mastery of the classics became the established route into imperial office.

Source The Five "Confucian" Classics, Michael Nylan

Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou, How Its Legacy Is ContestedThe reported scale of the proscription

Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou, Figures

Standing

Concerns How Its Legacy Is Contested

Currently States The reported scale of the proscription

Erik Zurcher's The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China (Brill, 1959) examines the figures reported for Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou's persecution and forced laicization of Buddhist clergy after his conquest of Northern Qi. Zurcher's source-critical method notes the figures, millions of clergy laicized and tens of thousands of establishments taken, come from Buddhist historians writing after the event and hostile to the emperor. One camp treats the numbers as broadly indicative of a genuinely enormous dissolution; the other, examining conventions in Chinese Buddhist historiography generally, holds that such large numbers function as conventional markers of magnitude rather than literal counts, and that the true figures cannot now be recovered. Both camps accept the proscription itself was real and comprehensive.

Source The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China, Erik Zurcher

Endovelicus, Origin of the NameEndovelicus's name has no settled etymology.

Endovelicus, Deities

Standing

Concerns Origin of the Name

Currently States Endovelicus's name has no settled etymology.

Proposed derivations for the name run from Celtic to Phoenician to a pre-Indo-European Iberian substrate language, and no ancient source explains the word. With no literary text naming him at all outside roughly ninety votive inscriptions from a single sanctuary at Sao Miguel da Mota, there is no external evidence to weigh the competing derivations against, so the question stays genuinely open rather than close to resolution.

Source Jose d'Encarnacao, Jose d'Encarnacao

Engai, GenderGender-fluid across the tradition

Engai, Deities

Standing

Concerns Gender

Currently States Gender-fluid across the tradition

Engai is the Maasai sky and supreme being, and the Maa noun engai itself carries the feminine grammatical prefix en-. Naomi Kipury's Oral Literature of the Maasai (1983), a collection and study of Maasai oral tradition, records that a number of recorded accounts render Engai as female or as a mother, others use masculine forms throughout the same body of oral material, and a third position within Maasai thought holds that the question of gender does not properly arise at all, since Engai is understood as the sky rather than as a personal being to whom a gender could attach. Kipury's method is the collection and comparison of oral narrative and praise language directly from Maasai speakers, since Maasai religious tradition is transmitted orally rather than through a fixed text that could settle usage once and for all. Because the variation runs through the living oral tradition itself, the atlas records the three positions side by side rather than resolving them.

Source Oral Literature of the Maasai, Naomi Kipury

Engenas Lekganyane, Lifespan or Floruit Start Year1885

Engenas Lekganyane, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns Lifespan or Floruit Start Year

Currently States 1885

His birth is placed in the mid 1880s, conventionally given as around 1885, at Mphome Mission in the Haenertsburg region of the Transvaal; no civil birth record survives from that place and period to fix the year precisely.

Source Bantu Prophets in South Africa, Bengt G. M. Sundkler

English Civil War, Religious DimensionWhether the war was fundamentally religious remains argued: Morrill reads it as the last of Europe's wars of religion, moved by the Laudian ceremonies and the prayer book, while an older constitutional and a Marxist social reading each place religion downstream of politics or class

English Civil War, Wars & Conflicts

Standing

Concerns Religious Dimension

Currently States Whether the war was fundamentally religious remains argued: Morrill reads it as the last of Europe's wars of religion, moved by the Laudian ceremonies and the prayer book, while an older constitutional and a Marxist social reading each place religion downstream of politics or class

Morrill's religious reading, the constitutional reading descending from Gardiner, and the social reading associated with Hill are three live and named positions in the historiography of the period. The war's own immediate origin favors Morrill's case: armed Scottish resistance to an imposed prayer book escalated directly into the crisis that produced the fighting, King Charles's own church policy was the proximate grievance, and the war's outcome brought a decade of the widest religious liberty England had known before the Restoration reversed it by ejecting nonconforming ministers. On that reading, this war's basic cause and its basic outcome were both religious rather than religion merely accompanying an otherwise ordinary campaign, so this atlas records a death toll and period dates for it, while Gardiner's and Hill's readings, which place religion downstream of constitutional or social causes, remain live alternatives that would not reach the same conclusion.

Source The Nature of the English Revolution, John Morrill

Enheduanna, Lifespan or Floruit Start Year-2300

Enheduanna, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns Lifespan or Floruit Start Year

Currently States -2300

Sumerian chronology this early carries a wide margin, and standard reference works converge loosely on a birth around 2300 BCE, tied to her father Sargon of Akkad's reign; independent estimates range from about 2285 to 2300 BCE, so the figure is a conventional anchor rather than a precise date.

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference), Encyclopaedia Britannica editors