By Century

This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.

A doctrine, in the atlas's vocabulary, is a formal teaching a religious body holds to be true, something a member is asked to believe rather than something a member is asked to do. That distinction is why doctrine is kept apart from ritual and observance here: the Trinity, karma, the finality of prophecy, dependent origination and the inerrancy of scripture are all doctrines, while baptism, fasting and pilgrimage are practices that a doctrine may explain but never replaces.

Each doctrine entry can be linked to many different bodies at once, and every one of those links carries its own stance. A body may hold a doctrine outright, hold a different account of it, argue against it without fully refusing it, or reject it outright, and the atlas records all four positions side by side rather than collapsing them into a single averaged answer. That is what lets a reader compare, for instance, how differently the historic branches of a single tradition read the same inherited teaching, disagreement and all, in the tradition's own terms rather than in a summary written from outside it.

A single doctrine entry can therefore sit at the center of many separate comparisons at once, since every body that holds, disputes or simply has never addressed a given teaching can be linked to it, and the resulting picture is closer to a map of where agreement and disagreement actually fall than any one tradition's own account of the same question would be on its own.

This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.

Comparing doctrine across traditions is an old habit wearing a fairly new academic name. Within Christianity alone, the ecumenical councils of the fourth and fifth centuries were already in the business of stating a shared teaching precisely enough to tell it apart from a rejected one, which is doctrinal comparison practiced from the inside, for the sake of settling an argument rather than describing it. The academic discipline that studies doctrine from outside any one tradition's own authority grew up much later, through the history of religions school associated with scholars such as Mircea Eliade, which read a teaching as a historical and comparative object rather than as a claim to be judged true or false.

That outside reading carries its own risk, named repeatedly by scholars working in the field: categories built to describe one tradition's teachings, most often Christian ones, get applied to a different tradition's very differently shaped teaching and quietly distort it. A serious comparison states each body's doctrine in its own terms first, and only then asks what, if anything, genuinely lines up across traditions.

That order matters more than it sounds like it should. Reversed, a scholar starts from a familiar category, original sin or a final judgment, and goes looking for that category's equivalent everywhere else, which tends to manufacture agreement that a tradition's own account would never claim for itself.