The Three Seals are the Manichaean rule of life in compact form. The seal of the mouth governs what is said and what is eaten, and carries the dietary law that follows from the doctrine of the Light. The seal of the hands governs what is done, and forbids the Elect any work that injures the Light held in plants, animals and the earth, which is why they neither farmed nor cooked for themselves. The seal of the breast governs desire and requires celibacy. The three are not three virtues among others but a complete account of how a person can stop adding to the harm, and the Hearers kept a reduced form of them. The fullest early descriptions come from Augustine and other opponents, who set out the rule in order to argue that nobody could keep it and that the Elect did not, so the tradition's own statements in the recovered texts carry more weight here than the polemic does.
Facts
Status
Status Within the TraditionStandard teaching, not formally defined 1Tradition: Manichaeism Standing as a Comparative CategoryA standard analytic category in the study of religion 1 Doctrinal CategoryThe Way and the Virtues 1 Origins
Held ByManichaeism. The Elect kept the three in full and the Hearers kept a reduced form of them. 1 Scholarship and Forensics
Scholarly NoteThe fullest early descriptions come from Augustine and other opponents, who set the rule out in order to argue that nobody could keep it and that the Elect did not. The recovered Manichaean texts carry more weight on the tradition's own account than the polemic does. 1 Structure
StructureThe seal of the mouth, governing what is said and what is eaten; the seal of the hands, governing action and forbidding the Elect any work that injures the Light held in plants, animals and the earth; and the seal of the breast, governing desire and requiring celibacy. 1 Doctrinal category (class) Learn More
The Labor the Seal of the Hands Handed to the Hearers
The Seal of the Hands did more than list what the Elect could not do, it made a whole religious community depend on a class of members who kept none of the Elect's own restrictions. Because harvesting, grinding grain, pressing fruit and cooking all counted as wounding the Light held in plant matter, an Elect member could not feed himself without breaking his own seal, so the Hearers took on that labor as a religious duty rather than an ordinary chore. A Hearer who grew, prepared and brought food to the Elect was understood to be transferring merit toward his own eventual liberation, since the digestion of the Elect, by which Light was said to be freed from matter, counted as an act performed on the Hearer's behalf as much as the Elect's own.
That division shaped how Manichaean communities were organized wherever they took root, from North Africa in Augustine's own time to Central Asia and China centuries later. The Elect were typically itinerant or communal, unable to farm, own land in the ordinary sense, or marry, and structurally reliant on Hearer households that could. Augustine's later hostility drew directly on having watched the arrangement from inside, as a Hearer for roughly a decade before his conversion, which is one reason his account of the practical mechanics of the two ranks, however unsympathetic its tone, is treated as informed rather than merely invented.
Connections
Belongs to Tradition
Best known from Augustine's description, which is hostile; the discipline it describes is confirmed by Manichaean texts recovered since.
Source Manichaeism: An Ancient Faith RediscoveredNicholas Baker-Brian
Sources
1. Encyclopedia of Religion
Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005View the Source 2. Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, 2nd edition
Samuel N. C. Lieu, Mohr Siebeck, 1992
Manichaeism: An Ancient Faith Rediscovered
Nicholas Baker-Brian, T&T Clark, 2011
Reader Challenges (0)
No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.
Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.