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England

Also Known As English
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England is the nation occupying the southern two thirds of the island of Great Britain, the setting of the Church of England's establishment under Henry VIII, the medieval pilgrimage centres of Canterbury and Walsingham, and the Reformation controversies that shaped Anglicanism. It is held here as a region distinct from Britain because English religious history is a national one: Scotland kept its own established Church of Scotland, and Wales and Ireland each had their own religious settlements, so England and the island of Britain answer different questions in this atlas.

Facts
Geography
Latitude
52.5 degrees north 1
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a large or historical region has no formal center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a precise boundary claim.
Longitude
1.5 degrees west 1
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a large or historical region has no formal center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a precise boundary claim.
Modern Area
England, the southern and largest of the four nations of the United Kingdom. 1
Traditions
Principal Religious Traditions
The Church of England, established under Henry VIII and settled under Elizabeth; Roman Catholicism, proscribed and later restored; the Nonconformist churches, Baptist, Congregational, Quaker and Methodist; and the Jewish, Muslim, Hindu and Sikh communities of the modern country. 2
Sacred and Liturgical Languages
Latin until the Reformation and English after it, the Book of Common Prayer and the Authorised Version fixing much of the religious register of the language itself. 3
Learn More
From Canterbury to the Royal Supremacy

Christianity reached England twice over, and the two arrivals had to be reconciled. Augustine landed in Kent in 597 at the head of a mission sent from Rome and worked outward from Canterbury, while monks trained in the Irish tradition came south from Iona into Northumbria at much the same time, carrying a different calculation of Easter and a different monastic discipline. The Synod of Whitby in 664 decided for the Roman reckoning, and Bede, writing at Jarrow in 731, made that decision the spine of the first history of the English church and gave the English a single story about themselves.

The medieval centuries covered the country with cult sites. Canterbury became one of the principal pilgrimage destinations in Europe after the killing of Thomas Becket in his own cathedral in 1170, and Walsingham in Norfolk drew pilgrims to a chapel held to reproduce the house of the Annunciation. Monasteries held a large share of English land and much of its learning.

The break with Rome came from the top rather than from below. Henry VIII's dispute over his marriage produced the Act of Supremacy in 1534, and the dissolution of the monasteries transferred that landed estate to the crown and its buyers within a decade. What followed was a sequence rather than a settlement: reformed prayer books under Edward, a return to Rome under Mary, and the Elizabethan arrangement that kept bishops and cathedrals while adopting reformed doctrine. The Thirty-Nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer are what that arrangement left behind, and Anglican churches worldwide still refer to them.

An Established Church in a Country That Has Left It

England is one of a very small number of places with a church established by law whose population has largely stopped belonging to it. The Church of England's senior bishops sit in the House of Lords by right, the monarch is its supreme governor, and the coronation remains a religious service conducted by the archbishop of Canterbury with an anointing at its centre. Parish churches carry legal duties toward everyone resident in the parish, whether or not those people attend anything.

Against that stands a change in the returned figures without precedent in the modern period. In the 2021 census for England and Wales, for the first time since the religion question was introduced, fewer than half of respondents described themselves as Christian, and a little over a third recorded no religion. The largest minority faiths, Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism, are concentrated in particular cities and boroughs rather than spread evenly, so a national percentage and a local one can differ enormously, and the same census that shows national decline shows dense religious life in specific places.

The distance between the legal position and those figures is the live argument. Defenders of establishment describe it as a civic arrangement that keeps a place for religion in public life rather than a claim about what most people believe. Critics read the same arrangement as a privilege no longer matched by numbers. Disestablishment has been proposed repeatedly and carried out nowhere in England, although it happened in Ireland in 1871 and in Wales in 1920, and both cases are precedents the argument keeps returning to.

England
Filter Results1 entry
Connections

Associated With

Canterbury Cathedral is the mother church of the Church of England and the seat of its Archbishop.

The Church of England is the established church of England specifically, not of Scotland or Wales.

The kingdom whose crown and Parliament enacted and enforced the penal statutes.

Source Catholic Encyclopedia, "Penal Laws" (New Advent)Catholic Encyclopedia editorial staff (1907 to 1912 edition)

The settlement was English rather than British; Scotland reformed separately.

Attested Here

Source An Encyclopedia of Fairies: Hobgoblins, Brownies, Bogies, and Other Supernatural CreaturesKatharine M. Briggs

Spoken in England from the Norman Conquest to the late fifteenth century.

Source Middle English (Wikipedia)
Old French, Languages

The Norman dialect spread to England.

Source Old French (Wikipedia)

Contains

Mortlake, Sacred Sites

Mortlake lies in southwest London.

Originated Here

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Golden Dawn: The Original Account of the Teachings, Rites, and Ceremonies of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, 6th editionIsrael Regardie
Source The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan WitchcraftRonald Hutton
Source The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in BritainRonald Hutton
Source Origins of the Salvation ArmyNorman H. Murdoch
Source Thomas Cranmer (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Thomas Hooker, Figures
Source Hooker, Thomas (1586 to 1647) (Dictionary of National Biography, 1885 to 1900)Dictionary of National Biography contributors
Source Wakefield Mystery Plays (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Source Westminster Abbey (Wikipedia)
Wicca, Religions

Gerald Gardner presented Wicca to the public from the New Forest area of southern England in the early 1950s; the religion has since spread internationally.

Source Witchfather: A Life of Gerald GardnerPhilip Heselton
Wiccan, Pantheons
Source Wiccan (Wikipedia)
Source York Mystery Plays (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Showing 51 to 63 of 63 in Originated Here, page 2 of 2.

Plants Native Here

Source The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan WitchcraftRonald Hutton
Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Source The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan WitchcraftRonald Hutton
Source The Golden Dawn: The Original Account of the Teachings, Rites, and Ceremonies of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, 6th editionIsrael Regardie
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Golden Dawn: The Original Account of the Teachings, Rites, and Ceremonies of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, 6th editionIsrael Regardie
Source The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in BritainRonald Hutton

Related To

Britain, Regions

England is the nation within the island and union Britain names; the two are catalogued separately here.

Sky Figures Read Here

Old English, Languages

Old English was the language of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England.

Societies Attested Here

OBOD is a Neo-Druidic order based in England, founded there in 1964, though it has since grown members worldwide.

Source Wikipedia, "Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids"Wikipedia contributors

Founded in England in 2003 and recognised there as a religious charity in 2010.

Source The Druid Network (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Spread Events Here

Source The Study of AnglicanismStephen Sykes, John Booty and Jonathan Knight (eds.)
Source Jews in England, From Expulsion (1290) to Readmission (1656) (JewishGen JCR-UK)Ariel Hessayon
Source Jews in England, From Expulsion (1290) to Readmission (1656) (JewishGen JCR-UK)Ariel Hessayon
Source Our Story (Church Mission Society)
Source Act of Supremacy 1534 (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Source Marian Persecutions (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Oxford, where the Holy Club began in 1729, and Aldersgate Street, London, where Wesley's own 1738 experience took place.

Source Reasonable Enthusiast: John Wesley and the Rise of MethodismHenry D. Rack
Source WCRC History and Timeline (World Communion of Reformed Churches)

Kingdom of Kent, landing at the Isle of Thanet, seat at Canterbury, mapped to England specifically as the tighter historical match than the United Kingdom as a whole.

Source Ecclesiastical History of the English PeopleBede
Source Book Of Common Prayer 1662 (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
In the Other Atlases

Used In

Also in Language Atlas: which uses this subject.

Also in Language Atlas: which uses this subject.

Sources
1. Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024View the Source
2. Encyclopedia of Religion
Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005
  • Plants Native Here: The Maypole Dance, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England and Germanic Europe
  • Originated Here: The Maypole Dance, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England and Germanic Europe
  • Originated Here: Morris Dancing, Stored origin-region property on this entity, cited to this source: England
View the Source
3. The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
John Bowker (ed.), Oxford University Press, 1997
  • Originated Here: Agnosticism, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
  • Originated Here: Deism, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England and France
View the Source
The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion
Church of England, 1571the holders' own accountView the Source
Ecclesiastical History of the English People
Bede, Clarendon Press, 731View the Source
The Book of Common Prayer
Church of England; ed. Brian Cummings, Oxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics), 2011View the Source
Census 2021: Religion, England and Wales
Office for National Statistics, 2022View the Source
The Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition
Oxford University Press, Oxford University Pressdemonym / adjectival formView the Source
Wikipedia, "Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids"
Wikipedia contributors, WikipediaSocieties Attested Here: Order of Bards, Ovates and DruidsView the Source
The Druid Network (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, WikipediaSocieties Attested Here: The Druid NetworkView the Source
The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft
Ronald Hutton, Oxford University Press, 1999
  • Originated Here: Modern Paganism
  • Plants Native Here: Casting the Circle, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
  • Plants Native Here: Drawing Down the Moon, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
  • Originated Here: Casting the Circle, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
  • Originated Here: Drawing Down the Moon, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
View the Source
King James Version (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: King James Version, Lead section
Quote, Originated Here: King James Version, Lead section
Version, is an Early Modern English translation of the Chris
View the Source
Wikipedia, "Anglo-Saxon Paganism"
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, 2026Originated Here: Anglo-Saxon Paganism, Lead section
Quote, Originated Here: Anglo-Saxon Paganism, Lead section
period of Early Medieval England.
View the Source
Middle English (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Attested Here: Middle English, Middle English, lead paragraph
    refers to the variations of the English language that were spoken in England after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century
  • Originated Here: Middle English, Lead
    Middle English (abbreviated to ME) refers to the variations of the English language that were spoken in England after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century, roughly coinciding with the High and Late Middle Ages.
View the Source
Old French (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAttested Here: Old French, Old French, spread
Quote, Attested Here: Old French, Old French, spread
The Norman dialect was also spread to England and Ireland, and during the Crusades, Old French was also spoken in the Kingdom of Sicily, and in the Principality of Antioch and the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Levant.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Enochian
WikipediaOriginated Here: Enochian (Angelical), Enochian, lead paragraph
Quote, Originated Here: Enochian (Angelical), Enochian, lead paragraph
recorded in the private journals of John Dee and his colleague Edward Kelley in late 16th-century England.
View the Source
The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain
Ronald Hutton, Oxford University Press, 1996
  • Plants Native Here: The Sabbat Rites, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
  • Originated Here: The Sabbat Rites, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
View the Source
The Golden Dawn: The Original Account of the Teachings, Rites, and Ceremonies of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, 6th edition
Israel Regardie, Llewellyn, 1989
  • Plants Native Here: Lesser Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
  • Plants Native Here: The Middle Pillar, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
  • Originated Here: Lesser Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
  • Originated Here: The Middle Pillar, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
View the Source
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005
  • Plants Native Here: Coronation of the British Monarch, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Westminster Abbey, England
  • Originated Here: Anglicanism, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
  • Originated Here: Coronation of the British Monarch, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Westminster Abbey, England
  • Originated Here: George Whitefield, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Gloucester, England
View the Source
The Study of Anglicanism
Stephen Sykes, John Booty and Jonathan Knight (eds.), SPCK / Fortress Press, 1998
  • Originated Here: Anglican Communion, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England, spread worldwide through colonial and missionary expansion
  • Originated Here: Church of England, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: England
Origins of the Salvation Army
Norman H. Murdoch, University of Tennessee Press (Knoxville), 1994Originated Here: The Salvation Army, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Whitechapel, in the East End of London, England.
John Dee's Conversations with Angels: Cabala, Alchemy, and the End of Nature
Deborah E. Harkness, Cambridge University Press, 1999Originated Here: Mortlake, Stored region property on this entity, cited to this source: EnglandView the Source
York Mystery Plays (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, 2026Originated Here: York Mystery Plays, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: York, EnglandView the Source
Wakefield Mystery Plays (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, 2026Originated Here: Wakefield Mystery Plays, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Wakefield, Yorkshire, EnglandView the Source
Chester Mystery Plays (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, 2026Originated Here: Chester Mystery Plays, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Chester, EnglandView the Source
Everyman (15th-century play) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, WikipediaOriginated Here: Everyman, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: EnglandView the Source
Hooker, Thomas (1586 to 1647) (Dictionary of National Biography, 1885 to 1900)
Dictionary of National Biography contributors, Smith, Elder and Co.; Wikisource transcription consulted directlyOriginated Here: Thomas Hooker, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Markfield, Leicestershire, EnglandView the Source
Bulkley, Peter (Dictionary of National Biography, 1885 to 1900)
Dictionary of National Biography contributors, Smith, Elder and Co.; Wikisource transcription consulted directlyOriginated Here: Peter Bulkeley, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Odell, Bedfordshire, EnglandView the Source
The Origins of the Liturgical Year
Thomas J. Talley, Pueblo, 1986Originated Here: Simnel Cake, Stored origin-region property on this entity, cited to this source: EnglandView the Source
Paradise Lost (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, 2026Originated Here: Paradise Lost, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: EnglandView the Source
Homosexuality and Quakerism (Wikipedia)
WikipediaOriginated Here: Quakerism (Religious Society of Friends), Opening sentences of the entity description
Quote, Originated Here: Quakerism (Religious Society of Friends), Opening sentences of the entity description
The Religious Society of Friends, founded by George Fox in mid-seventeenth-century England amid the ferment of the Puritan revolution.
View the Source
Book of Common Prayer (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, 2026Originated Here: Book of Common Prayer, Lead section
Quote, Originated Here: Book of Common Prayer, Lead section
The first prayer book, published in 1549 in the reign of King Edward VI of England, was a product of the
View the Source
Beowulf (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: Beowulf, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Beowulf, Lead
Beowulf ( ; Old English: Bēowulf [ˈbeːo.wuɫf]) is an Old English poem, an epic in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines, contained in the Nowell Codex.
View the Source
Julian of Norwich (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: Julian of Norwich, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Julian of Norwich, Lead
Julian of Norwich (c. 1343, after 1416), also known as Juliana of Norwich, the Lady Julian, Dame Julian or Mother Julian, was a medieval English Catholic anchoress.
View the Source
Thomas Cranmer (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, 2026Originated Here: Thomas Cranmer, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Thomas Cranmer, Lead
Thomas Cranmer (2 July 1489-21 March 1556) was an English theologian who was a leader of the English Reformation and served as Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I.
View the Source
John Wesley (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, 2026Originated Here: John Wesley, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: John Wesley, Lead
John Wesley (; 28 June [O.S. 17 June] 1703-2 March 1791) was an English cleric, theologian, and evangelist who was a principal leader of a revival movement within the Church of England known as Methodism.
View the Source
Westminster Abbey (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: Westminster Abbey, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Westminster Abbey, Lead
is an Anglican church in the City of Westminster, London, England
View the Source
Rievaulx Abbey (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: Rievaulx Abbey, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Rievaulx Abbey, Lead
near Helmsley, in the North York Moors National Park, North Yorkshire, England
View the Source
Fountains Abbey (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: Fountains Abbey, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Fountains Abbey, Lead
near Ripon in North Yorkshire, England
View the Source
Caedmon (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: Caedmon, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Caedmon, Lead
was a Benedictine monk and the earliest English poet whose name is known
View the Source
Gosforth Cross (Wikipedia)
WikipediaOriginated Here: Gosforth Cross, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Gosforth Cross, Lead
in St Mary's churchyard, Gosforth in the English county of Cumbri
View the Source
Armada Portrait (Wikipedia)
WikipediaOriginated Here: Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I, Lead
The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I of England
View the Source
Victoria and Albert Museum Collections API: V&A object record O71593
Victoria and Albert Museum Collections APIOriginated Here: St Simon (Victoria and Albert Museum, A.157-1922), placesOfOrigin
Quote, Originated Here: St Simon (Victoria and Albert Museum, A.157-1922), placesOfOrigin
"text": "England"
View the Source
Victoria and Albert Museum Collections API: V&A object record O71583
Victoria and Albert Museum Collections APIOriginated Here: St Philip (Victoria and Albert Museum, A.154-1922), placesOfOrigin
Quote, Originated Here: St Philip (Victoria and Albert Museum, A.154-1922), placesOfOrigin
"text": "England"
View the Source
Victoria and Albert Museum Collections API: V&A object record O71599
Victoria and Albert Museum Collections APIOriginated Here: St Jude (Victoria and Albert Museum, A.158-1922), placesOfOrigin
Quote, Originated Here: St Jude (Victoria and Albert Museum, A.158-1922), placesOfOrigin
"text": "England"
View the Source
Victoria and Albert Museum Collections API: V&A object record O84681
Victoria and Albert Museum Collections APIOriginated Here: St James the Greater (Victoria and Albert Museum, A.150-1922), placesOfOrigin
Quote, Originated Here: St James the Greater (Victoria and Albert Museum, A.150-1922), placesOfOrigin
"text": "England"
View the Source
Victoria and Albert Museum Collections API: V&A object record O71580
Victoria and Albert Museum Collections APIOriginated Here: St James the Less (Victoria and Albert Museum, A.153-1922), placesOfOrigin
Quote, Originated Here: St James the Less (Victoria and Albert Museum, A.153-1922), placesOfOrigin
"text": "England"
View the Source
English language (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: English, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: English, Lead
English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca.
View the Source
Old English (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: Old English, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Old English, Lead
Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisċ, pronounced [ˈeŋɡliʃ] or [ˈæŋɡliʃ]), Early English or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest attested form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages.
View the Source
Congregationalists (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: Congregationalists, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Congregationalists, Lead
In 16th-century England, the Puritan Reformation of the Church of England laid the foundation for such churches.
View the Source
Order of Nine Angles (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: Order of Nine Angles, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Order of Nine Angles, Lead
According to the Order's own claims, it was established in the Welsh Marches of Western England during the late 1960s by a woman previously involved in a secretive pre-Christian tradition.
View the Source
Wiccan (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: Wiccan, Lead
Quote, Originated Here: Wiccan, Lead
Considered a new religious movement by scholars of religion, the path evolved from Western esotericism, developed in England during the first half of the 20th century, and was introduced to the public in 1954 by Gerald Gardner, a retired British civil servant.
View the Source
The Cloud of Unknowing (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: The Cloud of Unknowing, Lead paragraph, originated-in
Quote, Originated Here: The Cloud of Unknowing, Lead paragraph, originated-in
The Cloud of Unknowing (Middle English: The Cloude of Unknowyng) is an anonymous work of Christian mysticism written in Middle English in the latter half of the 14th century.
View the Source
The Discoverie of Witchcraft (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: The Discoverie of Witchcraft, Lead paragraph, originated-in
Quote, Originated Here: The Discoverie of Witchcraft, Lead paragraph, originated-in
The Discoverie of Witchcraft is a book published by the English gentleman Reginald Scot in 1584, intended as an exposé of early modern witchcraft.
View the Source
De Heptarchia Mystica (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: De Heptarchia Mystica, Lead paragraph, originated-in
Quote, Originated Here: De Heptarchia Mystica, Lead paragraph, originated-in
De Heptarchia Mystica, or On the Mystical Rule of the Seven Planets, is a book written in 1582-83 by English alchemist John Dee.
View the Source
Book of Shadows (Wikipedia)
Originated Here: Book of Shadows, Lead paragraph, originated-in
Quote, Originated Here: Book of Shadows, Lead paragraph, originated-in
The most famous Book of Shadows was created by the pioneering English Wiccan Gerald Gardner sometime in the late 1940s or early 1950s, and which he utilised first in his Bricket Wood coven and then in other covens which he founded in following decades.
View the Source
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