Sheets of lead, hammered flat and inscribed with a stylus

This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.

An incantation entry records one documented spell, curse, charm or ritual formula preserved from a specific culture and period: the Greek and Roman curse tablets recovered from sites across the Mediterranean world, the Anglo-Saxon medical charms preserved in manuscripts such as the Nine Herbs Charm, the Mesopotamian incantation series Maqlu and Shurpu, the Jewish Aramaic incantation bowls of late antique Mesopotamia, and living or recently living traditions including Pennsylvania Dutch Braucherei and African American hoodoo conjure, among others the atlas records.

An entry keeps each incantation's own documented text, language, findspot or manuscript source and ritual context distinct from any other tradition's comparable practice, since a curse tablet buried at a Roman bath and a Babylonian anti-witchcraft incantation series address genuinely different circumstances through genuinely different formal structures, even where a comparative scholar can point to family resemblances in how a spoken or written formula is thought to work.

Where an incantation belongs to a living, closed or restricted practice rather than to a text recovered wholly from archaeology or philology, an entry describes it as a documented historical and cultural fact rather than presenting it as instruction, and names the practice as closed where the tradition itself holds it so.

This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.

Incantations are studied across several distinct scholarly disciplines at once: classical philology recovering and translating the Greek and Roman curse tablets and magical papyri, Assyriology reconstructing the Mesopotamian incantation series from cuneiform tablets, and folklore and ethnography documenting living charm and conjure traditions through fieldwork rather than manuscript recovery. A comparative reference work such as the Encyclopedia of Religion is where these separate disciplinary histories are brought into a single frame for comparison.

That comparative frame is useful precisely because it resists collapsing the different traditions into one another: an ancient Mesopotamian incantation against witchcraft, a medieval Christian charm invoking saints against illness, and a documented Pennsylvania Dutch Braucherei remedy are each read within their own cultural logic first, and only then compared for what, if anything, genuinely runs across them, most often the belief that a spoken or written formula, correctly performed, can act on the world.

An entry follows that same order, recording a tradition's own documented account of how and why its incantation works before any comparative claim is made, and keeps living and closed traditions described rather than instructed, consistent with how the atlas treats every closed practice.