Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya

The Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya is a Sufi order formed as a synthesis of the Qadiri and Naqshbandi orders, tracing its lineage through Abdul Qadir Gilani, founder of the Qadiriyya, and Baha al-Din Naqshband, founder of the Naqshbandiyya. The combined order took shape gradually, with a documented synthesis in place by the nineteenth century through figures such as Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi, who lived from 1860 to 1915, and it is established today primarily in the Indian subcontinent, especially Kashmir and the former Mughal territories, and in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia. It centers its practice on dhikr, or remembrance of God, muraqabah, or meditation for spiritual closeness, and khidmah, or devotion through service, while permitting its shaykhs to adapt teaching methods within orthodox Sunni principles.