Home›Traditions & Paths›All Traditions & PathsBrowse ByAll Traditions & PathsThe organised religious and spiritual traditions themselves, together with their internal divisions and the disciplines of practice that grew up alongside them. This section holds religions, their denominations and schools, the esoteric disciplines the Atlas covers as fields of study, and the scriptures each tradition treats as canonical. It is the place to start if you want to know what a tradition is before following its parts through the rest of the Atlas.FactsLearn MoreAll Traditions & PathsSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsOverviewScope of This SectionWell-attestedWhole religious traditions taken as the unit of description: the religions themselves, the branches and schools within them, the scriptures each treats as canonical, and the esoteric disciplines that belong to no single faith. 1Learn MoreThe Organised Traditions Themselves This section holds the religious and spiritual traditions as wholes, together with their internal divisions and the disciplines of practice that grew up around them: the religions of the world, their denominations and schools, and the esoteric and divinatory disciplines (astrology, alchemy, tarot, Kabbalah and the rest), treated as fields in their own right. Where other sections take a single kind of thing across many traditions, all the gods, all the calendars, this one takes the traditions themselves as the unit, and asks what each holds, how it is divided within, and what practices define it.Religion, denomination, discipline The three categories nest. A religion is a whole tradition: Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, and also the non-theistic worldviews that answer the same questions differently. A denomination is a branch within one: a church, a school of law or philosophy, a movement. A discipline cuts across religions, astrology and alchemy belong to no single faith, and is included as a field of knowledge and practice. The atlas holds the major living religions, those of historical importance that are no longer practised, and the non-theistic and secular worldviews, describing each in its own terms and noting where scholarship and self-description diverge.All Traditions & PathsFilter Results2,198 entriesBelongs To TraditionAllAncient Egyptian Religion (5)Ancient Greek Religion (6)Aztec Religion (2)Babism (1)Bahá’í Faith (11)Bon (1)Buddhism (34)Candomblé (2)Cao Đài (1)Celtic Paganism (3)Chinese Folk Religion (11)Christianity (135)Confucianism (3)Druze Faith (1)Falun Gong (1)Gnosticism (4)Haitian Vodou (5)Heathenry (1)Hellenic Polytheism (Hellenismos) (3)Hermeticism (6)Hinduism (109)Islam (266)Jainism (6)Judaism (158)Korean Muism (1)Lakota Religion (1)Latter Day Saint Movement (17)Luciferianism (2)Maya Religion (1)Mesopotamian Religion (11)Mithraism (2)Modern Satanism (2)Native American Church (1)Native American Religion (3)Neoplatonism (3)New Age (1)Norse Paganism (5)Polynesian Religion (1)Pythagoreanism (2)Roman Religion (4)Santería (Lucumí) (3)Shinto (9)Siberian Shamanism (1)Sikhism (41)Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery) (1)Spiritism (1)Sámi Religion (1)Taoism (97)Tengrism (1)Thelema (3)Wicca (11)Yazidism (2)Yorùbá Religion (Ifá) (3)Zoroastrianism (15)Branch OfAllBuddhism (1)Christianity (1)Confucianism (1)Hinduism (4)Ibadism (1)Judaism (1)Kabbalah (1)Shia (Twelver) (1)Sunni (5)Zaidiyyah (1)Event PlaceAllNewtown, now Cambridge, Massachusetts Bay Colony (1)Founded ByAllAkbar (1)Al-Maturidi (1)Aleister Crowley (1)Alex Sanders (1)Allan Kardec (1)Ann Lee (1)Anton LaVey (1)Auguste Comte (1)Basava (1)Bobby Henderson (1)Charles Fillmore (1)Charles Harrison Mason (1)Choe Je-u (1)Daniel Pereira de Mattos (1)Deguchi Nao (1)Elijah Muhammad (1)Ellen G. White (1)En no Gyōja (1)Engenas Lekganyane (1)Ernest Holmes (1)Friedrich Max Muller (1)Friedrich Schleiermacher (1)George Fox (1)Gerald Gardner (1)Gorakhnath (1)Greg Hill (Malaclypse the Younger) (1)Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad (1)Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (1)Henry Steel Olcott (1)Henry VIII (1)Hong Tao-Tze (1)Huynh Phu So (1)Isaac Luria (1)James Strang (1)Jinul (1)Joseph Smith (1)José Gabriel da Costa (1)Karl Barth (1)Kawate Bunjiro (Konko Daijin) (1)Kerry Thornley (Lord Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst) (1)Li Hongzhi (1)Malinda Cramer (1)Mary Baker Eddy (1)Masaharu Taniguchi (1)Maxine Sanders (1)Michael Aquino (1)Mikao Usui (1)Myrtle Fillmore (1)Nachman of Breslov (1)Nakayama Miki (1)Nichiren (1)Niwano Nikkyo (1)Onisaburo Deguchi (1)Paul Twitchell (1)Peter Waldo (1)Phineas Parkhurst Quimby (1)Plotinus (1)Pythagoras (1)Ra Uru Hu (1)Raimundo Irineu Serra (1)Richard Allen (1)Richard Rudd (1)Shastriji Maharaj (1)Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir (1)Simon Kimbangu (1)Son Byong-hui (1)Starhawk (1)Sultan Sahak (1)Victor Henry Anderson (1)Wallace Fard Muhammad (1)Wang Chongyang (1)William Lilly (1)William Quan Judge (1)Yang Xi (1)Zelio Fernandino de Moraes (1)Zhang Daoling (1)Zhiyi (1)Zsuzsanna Budapest (1)Literary formAllaphorism-collection (89)Apocalypse (5)Chronicle (19)Commentary (11)Compendium (5)Cosmogony / creation myth (15)Didactic narrative / novella (7)didactic-poem (26)Divination manual (2)Encyclopedia (2)epistle (1)Epistle / letter (6)Essay (6)Fragmentary record keeping rather than sustained composition (1)Funerary text (6)Gospel (6)Hymn collection (18)Law code (14)legal-code (16)Liturgical / prayer (9)Manual (13)Mixed verse and prose Upanishad (1)Mythological narrative / compendium (5)narrative (19)Narrative / epic (22)Narrative history opening the small plates of Nephi (1)Philosophical dialogue (13)Philosophical treatise (21)poetic (1)Prophetic oracle (4)Prose Upanishad (4)Prose Upanishad, framed as six question and answer sessions (1)Prose Upanishad, largely built from teaching dialogues (1)sermon (3)Sermon and commentary rather than sustained narrative (1)Spiritual Autobiography (2)surah (110)Sutra (17)Systematic Theology (2)Text collection / anthology (56)Treatise (7)Verse Upanishad (3)Verse Upanishad, framed as a dialogue (1)Wisdom literature (6)Origin Period Start YearAll-2900 (1)-2600 (1)-1500 (1)-650 (1)-599 (2)-550 (1)-500 (4)-486 (1)-400 (5)-386 (1)-300 (10)-257 (1)-206 (1)-200 (9)30 (1)70 (1)100 (13)150 (1)219 (1)311 (1)313 (1)350 (1)380 (1)600 (3)622 (3)632 (1)634 (2)700 (4)750 (2)800 (2)851 (1)870 (1)900 (2)960 (1)966 (1)1000 (6)1001 (1)1017 (1)1056 (1)1073 (1)1100 (6)1101 (1)1150 (1)1167 (1)1200 (8)1227 (1)1232 (1)1238 (1)1273 (1)1290 (1)1300 (2)1302 (1)1345 (1)1400 (1)1440 (1)1450 (2)1452 (1)1455 (1)1484 (1)1486 (1)1492 (1)1493 (1)1499 (1)1520 (1)1534 (1)1537 (1)1555 (1)1557 (1)1563 (1)1564 (1)1570 (2)1577 (1)1580 (1)1582 (1)1598 (1)1600 (4)1609 (1)1650 (2)1656 (1)1685 (1)1699 (1)1700 (1)1770 (1)1774 (1)1780 (1)1781 (1)1782 (1)1786 (1)1790 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(1)Classical Tamil (1)Classical Tibetan (3)Coptic (9)English (21)Finnish (1)French (4)Ge'ez (1)German (3)Gorani (1)Gothic (1)Hawaiian (1)Hebrew (5)Izon (Ijo) (1)Japanese (8)K'iche' Maya (1)Kalmyk Oirat (1)Kannada (1)Koine Greek (59)Korean (1)Kurmanji Kurdish (3)Kyrgyz (1)Latin (12)Mandarin Chinese (1)Maninka (1)Middle Egyptian (4)Middle Irish (1)Middle Persian (5)Middle Welsh (1)Mishnaic Hebrew (4)Modern English (16)Modern Greek (1)Nyanga (1)Old Avestan (Gathic) (1)Old Church Slavonic (1)Old Egyptian (1)Old English (1)Old Javanese (Kawi) (1)Old Norse (6)Pali (25)Persian Language (2)Prakrit (7)Punjabi (32)Reformed Egyptian (1)Sanskrit (94)Vedic Sanskrit (16)Yoruba (1)Younger Avestan (1)Yucatec Maya (1)Position OnAllDependent origination (1)Dharma (1)Karma (6)Moksha (3)The Four Noble Truths (1)Ritually Used InAllSukkot (1)Attested InAllThe Quran (1)Authored ByAllAbhinavagupta (1)Abu Dawud al-Sijistani (1)Ahmad ibn Shuayb an-Nasai (1)al-Kulayni (1)Al-Qadi al-Nu'man (1)Al-Tirmidhi (1)Aleister Crowley (2)Allan Kardec (2)Amos (2)Anton LaVey (3)Appar (1)Atri (1)Auguste Comte (2)Baruch ben Neriah (1)Ben Sira (1)Bhadrabahu (1)Bharadvaja (1)Choe Je-u (2)Clement of Rome (1)Confucius (1)Deguchi Nao (1)Elijah Muhammad (1)Enos (1)Ernest Holmes (1)Ezekiel (6)Greg Hill (Malaclypse the Younger) (1)Gritsamada (1)Helen Schucman (1)Hermas the Freedman (1)Hosea (4)Huynh Phu So (1)Ibn Majah (1)Inbe no Hironari (1)Iolo Morganwg (1)Isaiah (12)Ishvarakrishna (1)James the Just (1)Jarom (1)Jeremiah (18)John (1)John the Evangelist (1)Joseph Smith (2)Joshua (3)Jude Thaddaeus (1)Kawate Bunjiro (Konko Daijin) (1)Kerry Thornley (Lord Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst) (1)King David (1)Krishnadasa Kaviraja (1)L. Ron Hubbard (1)Laozi (83)Li Hongzhi (1)Malachi (1)Malik ibn Anas (1)Manasseh of Judah (1)Mark the Evangelist (1)Mary Baker Eddy (1)Matthew (1)Micah (1)Mormon (1)Moroni (1)Moses (60)Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari (1)Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (1)Nakayama Miki (2)Nephi (2)Nichiren (1)O no Yasumaro (1)Onisaburo Deguchi (1)Paul the Apostle (14)Paul Twitchell (1)Purnananda (1)Rumi (1)Sambandar (1)Samuel (9)Shaykh al-Tusi (2)Siddhartha Gautama (1)Simon Peter (2)Solomon (3)Starhawk (1)Sudharmaswami (2)Sundaramurti (1)Thomas Paine (1)Umaswati (1)Vamadeva (1)Vasistha (1)Vishvamitra (1)Vyasa (36)Wulfila (1)Zechariah (1)Zengzi (1)Zisi (1)Church FamilyAllAdventist (3)African Initiated Church (3)Anabaptist (3)Anglican (5)Baptist (6)Church of the East (1)Congregationalist (2)Eastern Catholic (2)Eastern Orthodox (11)Evangelical (3)Latter Day Saint (4)Lutheran (8)Methodist (9)Moravian (1)New Thought (3)Oriental Orthodox (5)Pentecostal (7)Quaker (1)Reformed (7)Restorationist (5)Roman Catholic (1)Unitarian Universalist (2)Council HistoricityAllAttested (33)Historicity debated (5)CountryAllBangladesh (1)Bosnia and Herzegovina (1)Brazil (1)Central African Republic (1)China (6)Cyprus (1)Czech Republic (1)Egypt (4)France (5)Germany (6)Greece (2)Guatemala (1)India (4)Indonesia (3)Iran (3)Iraq (7)Ireland (3)Israel (1)Italy (2)Japan (3)Lebanon (2)Libya (1)Mali (1)Mexico (1)Myanmar (1)Netherlands (1)Nigeria (6)Pakistan (1)Palestine (2)Poland (2)Sri Lanka (4)Sudan (3)Switzerland (2)Syria (1)Tajikistan (1)Tunisia (1)Turkey (3)Uganda (1)Ukraine (2)United Kingdom (1)United States (4)Vietnam (1)DenominationsAllAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church (1)African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (1)Ahmadiyya (1)Aladura (1)Alawites (1)Alevism (1)Alexandrian Wicca (1)American Baptist Churches USA (1)American Humanist Association (1)American Unitarian Association (1)Amish (1)Anabaptism (1)Anglican Communion (1)Anglicanism (1)Armenian Apostolic Church (1)Assemblies of God (1)Assyrian Church of the East (1)Baptist (1)Basilideans (1)Beta Israel (1)Breslov Hasidism (1)Bulgarian Orthodox Church (1)Calvinism (Reformed) (1)Chabad-Lubavitch (1)Christian and Missionary Alliance (1)Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (1)Christian Reformed Church in North America (1)Christian Science (1)Church of Christ (Temple Lot) (1)Church of Cyprus (1)Church of England (1)Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) (1)Church of God in Christ (1)Church of Greece (1)Church of Ireland (1)Church of Satan (1)Church of Scotland (1)Church of Sweden (1)Church of the Nazarene (1)Churches of Christ (1)Community of Christ (1)Congregationalists (1)Conservative Judaism (1)Coptic Orthodoxy (1)Dianic Wicca (1)Digambara (1)Disciples of Christ (1)Divine Science (1)Dragon Gate (1)Dutch Reformed Church (1)Eastern Orthodoxy (1)Eclectic Solitary Wicca (1)Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (1)Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (1)Ethical Culture (1)Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (1)Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (1)Evangelicalism (1)Feri Tradition (1)Folk Shinto (1)Free Methodist Church (1)Gardnerian Wicca (1)Gaudiya Vaishnavism (1)Gelug (1)Georgian Orthodox Church (1)Global Methodist Church (1)Grace Communion International (1)Greek Orthodox Church (1)Haredi Judaism (1)Hasidic Judaism (1)Historically Black Protestant Tradition (1)Humanistic Judaism (1)Humanists International (1)Ibadism (1)Irani Zoroastrianism (1)ISKCON (Hare Krishna) (1)Ismailism (1)Jehovah's Witnesses (1)Jodo Shinshu (1)Jonang (1)Kagyu (1)Karaite Judaism (1)Karma Kagyu (1)Kashmir Shaivism (1)Khalsa (1)Kharijites (1)Kimbanguist Church (1)Latter-day Saints (Mormonism) (2)Lingayatism (1)Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod (1)Lutheranism (1)Madhyamaka (1)Mahayana (1)Mainline Protestantism (1)Maronite Church (1)Mennonites (1)Methodism (1)Modern Orthodox Judaism (1)Moravian Church (1)Nath Sampradaya (1)Nation of Islam (1)National Baptist Convention of America (1)National Baptist Convention USA Incorporated (1)New Atheism (1)Nichiren (1)Nichiren Shoshu (1)Nirmala (1)Nondenominational Christianity (1)Nyingma (1)Old Believers (1)Oneida Community (1)Oneness Pentecostalism (1)Order of Nine Angles (1)Oriental Orthodoxy (1)Orthodox Judaism (1)Palo Mayombe (1)Parsi Zoroastrianism (1)Pentecostalism (1)Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) (1)Presbyterianism (1)Progressive National Baptist Convention (1)Protestantism (1)Pure Land (1)Quakerism (Religious Society of Friends) (1)Quanzhen (Complete Reality) (1)Quranism (1)Reclaiming (1)Reconstructionist Judaism (1)Reform Judaism (1)Religious Science (Centers for Spiritual Living) (1)Rinzai (1)Rissho Kosei Kai (1)Roman Catholicism (1)Romanian Orthodox Church (1)Russian Orthodox Church (1)Saint Thomas Christians (1)Sakya (1)Salafism (1)Samkhya (1)Seax-Wica (1)Sect Shinto (1)Seicho-no-Ie (1)Serbian Orthodox Church (1)Sethianism (1)Seventh-day Adventism (1)Shaivism (1)Shakers (1)Shaktism (1)Shangqing (Highest Clarity) (1)Shia (Twelver) (1)Shingon (1)Shri Vidya (1)Shrine Shinto (1)Skoptsy (1)Smartism (1)Soka Gakkai (1)Soto (1)Southern Baptist Convention (1)Sri Vaishnavism (1)Sufism (1)Sunni (1)Svetambara (1)Temple of Set (1)Tendai (1)Terapanth (1)The Church of Jesus Christ (Strangite) (1)The Episcopal Church (1)The Salvation Army (1)The Satanic Temple (1)The United Methodist Church (1)Theravada (1)Tiantai (1)Tibetan Buddhism (1)Udasi (1)Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (1)Ukrainian Orthodox Church (1)United Church of Christ (1)Unity (Unity School of Christianity) (1)Universalist Church of America (1)Vaishnavism (1)Vajrayana (1)Valentinianism (1)Wahhabism (1)Wesleyan Church (1)Zaidiyyah (1)Zen (1)Zhengyi (Orthodox Unity) (1)Zion Christian Church (1)Doctrinal PositionAllAdvaita: the self and Brahman are not different (1)Considered opinion and analogy, tempered by juristic preference (3)Dvaita: God and the soul eternally distinct (1)God creates the act and the human being acquires it (kasb) (1)Reason (aql) in the place analogy holds for the Sunni schools (1)Sound hadith above considered opinion, with analogy admitted (1)Text and the reports of the earliest community above juristic reasoning (2)The human being is the real author of their own acts (1)The Imams are protected from sin and from error (ismah) (1)The Qur'an is God's created speech (1)The Qur'an is God's uncreated speech (2)The settled practice of Medina as a source of law (1)Vishishtadvaita: non-duality qualified by real distinctions (1)Vishnu as the supreme reality (2)Origin EraAll-50000 (1)-3500 (1)-3300 (1)-2300 (1)-2000 (2)-1750 (1)-1600 (1)-1500 (3)-1400 (4)-860 (1)800 BCE (1)-586 (1)-585 (1)-551 (1)-550 (2)-530 (1)-475 (1)-450 (2)-399 (1)-387 (1)-361 (1)-335 (1)-325 (1)-307 (1)-305 (1)250 BCE (1)-200 (2)200 BCE (1)100 BCE (1)1 (2)30 (4)32 (1)42 (1)49 (1)52 (1)80 (1)100 (6)120 (1)142 (1)150 (1)240 (2)245 (1)295 (1)300 (3)320 (3)326 (1)350 (1)364 (1)386 (1)390 (1)400 (5)431 (1)500 (10)538 (1)600 (3)610 (1)630 (1)632 (2)651 (1)657 (1)680 (1)700 (5)740 (1)750 (3)755 (1)760 (1)765 (1)800 (6)805 (1)806 (1)864 (1)900 (3)940 (1)988 (2)1000 (4)1017 (2)1050 (1)1073 (1)1094 (1)1100 (3)1138 (1)1143 (1)1154 (1)1167 (1)1191 (1)1200 (3)1219 (1)1224 (1)1227 (1)1250 (1)1253 (1)1290 (1)1294 (1)1300 (1)1325 (1)1409 (1)1429 (1)1457 (1)1486 (1)1499 (1)1517 (2)1525 (1)1527 (1)1534 (3)1536 (2)1550 (2)1560 (2)1571 (1)1580 (1)1582 (1)1596 (1)1609 (1)1620 (2)1637 (1)1644 (1)1647 (1)1652 (1)1686 (1)1689 (1)1693 (1)1699 (1)1700 (1)1717 (1)1734 (1)1738 (1)1740 (1)1744 (1)1747 (1)1760 (1)1770 (1)1775 (1)1787 (2)1789 (1)1790 (1)1793 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1800 (5)1801 (2)1802 (1)1809 (1)1810 (1)1820 (1)1825 (1)1830 (1)1838 (2)1843 (1)1844 (4)1845 (2)1847 (1)1848 (2)1849 (1)1850 (1)1857 (2)1859 (1)1860 (4)1861 (1)1863 (1)1865 (1)1866 (1)1868 (1)1869 (1)1870 (2)1872 (1)1875 (2)1876 (2)1880 (7)1881 (1)1887 (1)1889 (2)1890 (1)1892 (1)1895 (2)1897 (1)1898 (1)1900 (4)1901 (1)1904 (1)1907 (2)1908 (1)1910 (1)1913 (1)1914 (2)1915 (1)1920 (2)1921 (1)1922 (1)1924 (1)1925 (1)1926 (3)1929 (1)1930 (5)1933 (1)1934 (1)1938 (1)1939 (1)1940 (1)1941 (1)1945 (2)1946 (2)1947 (1)1952 (1)1954 (1)1957 (1)1961 (3)1962 (1)1963 (2)1964 (1)1965 (2)1966 (3)1967 (1)1968 (2)1970 (2)1971 (3)1972 (1)1973 (1)1974 (1)1975 (1)1979 (1)1983 (2)1985 (1)1988 (1)1990 (1)1992 (1)1995 (1)2004 (1)2005 (1)2010 (1)2013 (1)2022 (1)Part OfAllCristero War (1)First World War (1)French Wars of Religion (1)The Crusades (11)The Greco-Persian Wars (2)Practice StatusAllAccess restricted by its custodians or by law (1)Control of or access to the site is contested (1)Dissolved; the community wound itself up (5)Historical; not practised continuously (18)In active religious use (9)Living tradition, practised today (265)Revived or reconstructed in the modern era (3)Associated WithAllBuddhism (5)Christianity (22)Hinduism (4)Islam (7)Judaism (7)Native American Church (1)Native American Religion (6)Native Hawaiian Religion (1)Sikhism (1)Attributed ToAllAbraham (1)Adam (1)Amos (2)Atri (1)Baha'u'llah (3)Bharadvaja (1)Confucius (8)Enos (1)Ezekiel (6)Ezra (2)Gad (1)Gritsamada (1)Guru Arjan (1)Guru Gobind Singh (2)Hosea (4)Huineng (1)Isaiah (13)James the Just (1)Jarom (1)Jeremiah (22)Jerome (1)John (5)John the Baptist (1)John the Evangelist (2)Joshua (3)Judah ha-Nasi (1)King David (2)Laozi (84)Luke the Evangelist (2)Mahavira (1)Malachi (1)Mark the Evangelist (1)Matthew (2)Mencius (1)Micah (1)Mormon (1)Moroni (1)Moses (63)Muhammad (206)Nephi (2)Nicodemus (1)O no Yasumaro (1)Paul the Apostle (14)Samuel (9)Siddhartha Gautama (17)Simon Peter (2)Solomon (5)The Bab (2)Thomas (1)Valmiki (9)Vamadeva (1)Vasistha (1)Vishvamitra (2)Vyasa (45)Zarathustra (1)Zechariah (1)Zhuangzi (1)LanguageAllAkkadian (11)Ancient Greek (4)Arabic and Persian (2)Aramaic (11)Avestan (10)Bengali (1)Biblical Hebrew (149)Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic (3)Braj Bhasha (2)Byzantine Greek (1)Classical Arabic (228)Classical Chinese (110)Classical Mandaic (4)Classical Tibetan (3)Coptic (9)Early Modern Greek (1)English (37)Finnish (1)French (4)Geez (1)Gorani (1)Gothic (1)Gurmukhi / Punjabi (2)Hawaiian (1)Hebrew (2)Hebrew and Aramaic (2)Ijaw (1)Japanese (5)Kalmyk (Oirat) (1)Kannada (1)Kiche Maya (1)Koine Greek (59)Korean (1)Kurmanji Kurdish (3)Kyrgyz (1)Latin (12)Manding (1)Middle Egyptian (4)Middle Irish (1)Middle Persian (Pahlavi) (5)Middle Welsh (1)Mishnaic Hebrew (4)Mishnaic Hebrew and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (3)Modern Mandarin Chinese (1)Nyanga (1)Old Egyptian (1)Old Japanese (3)Old Norse (5)Ottoman Turkish (1)Pali (25)Persian (4)Prakrit (Ardhamagadhi) (7)Sanskrit (92)Sant Bhasha (Gurmukhi script) (31)Tamil (3)Vedic Sanskrit (16)Vietnamese (2)Yoruba (1)Yucatec Maya (1)Official RecognitionAllNot formally recognized by any body (63)Recognition is contested (10)Recognized as genocide (1)Parent TraditionAllBuddhism (1)Modern Paganism (8)Scholarly StandingAllA standard analytic category in the study of religion (40)Largely abandoned as a comparative category (2)Used, but its validity as a comparative category is disputed (31)Separation Period Start YearAll1017 (1)1238 (1)TraditionAllAhmadiyya (2)Alawites (1)Alevism (2)Anabaptism (1)Ancient Egyptian Religion (3)Ancient Greek Religion (4)Anglican Communion (12)Anglicanism (12)Anglo-Saxon Paganism (1)Assyrian Church of the East (1)Aztec Religion (3)Babism (1)Bahá’í Faith (1)Baptist (1)Beta Israel (1)Breslov Hasidism (6)Buddhism (22)Calvinism (Reformed) (2)Candomblé (1)Caucasian Native Religion (1)Celtic Paganism (2)Chabad-Lubavitch (6)Chinese Folk Religion (2)Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (1)Christianity (83)Church of Cyprus (15)Church of England (12)Church of Greece (15)Church of Ireland (12)Church of Scotland (1)Church of Sweden (3)Classical Greek Philosophy (4)Community of Christ (2)Confucianism (1)Conservative Judaism (7)Digambara (2)Din-i-Ilahi (1)Dragon Gate (3)Dutch Reformed Church (1)Eastern Orthodoxy (15)Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (15)Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (2)Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (2)Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (3)Finnish Paganism (Suomenusko) (1)Gaudiya Vaishnavism (2)Georgian Orthodox Church (15)Global Methodist Church (1)Greco-Roman Philosophy (1)Greek Orthodox Church (15)Haitian Vodou (1)Haredi Judaism (6)Hasidic Judaism (6)Hellenic Polytheism (Hellenismos) (1)Hellenistic Philosophy (3)Hinduism (9)Humanistic Judaism (4)Ibadism (3)Ijaw Traditional Religion (1)Irani Zoroastrianism (6)Islam (36)Ismailism (3)Jainism (9)Jehovah's Witnesses (1)Jodo Shinshu (1)Judaism (17)Karaite Judaism (3)Kashmir Shaivism (3)Khalsa (2)Kharijites (1)Latin Christianity (1)Latter Day Saint Movement (2)Lingayatism (1)Lutheranism (3)Madhyamaka (3)Mahayana (9)Mande Traditional Religion (1)Maronite Church (11)Mesopotamian Religion (8)Methodism (3)Modern Orthodox Judaism (7)Mohist, independent of Confucianism and Daoism (1)Nation of Islam (2)Nichiren (2)Nichiren Shoshu (2)Nirmala (1)Norse Paganism (3)Old Believers (15)Oriental Orthodoxy (1)Orthodox Judaism (7)Parsi Zoroastrianism (6)Pentecostalism (1)Presbyterianism (1)Presocratic Philosophy (2)Pure Land (1)Quakerism (Religious Society of Friends) (1)Quanzhen (Complete Reality) (3)Quimbanda (1)Quranism (1)Reconstructionist Judaism (7)Reform Judaism (7)Religion of Humanity (3)Religious Science (Centers for Spiritual Living) (1)Rinzai (1)Roman Catholic Christianity (1)Roman Catholicism (12)Roman Religion (2)Romanian Orthodox Church (15)Russian Orthodox Church (15)Saint Thomas Christians (2)Salafism (2)Samkhya (1)Santería (Lucumí) (1)Sect Shinto (2)Serbian Orthodox Church (15)Seventh-day Adventism (1)Shaivism (4)Shaktism (1)Shangqing (Highest Clarity) (3)Shia (Twelver) (6)Shingon (1)Shinto (6)Shrine Shinto (2)Sikhism (7)Smartism (1)Soka Gakkai (1)Soto (1)Sri Vaishnavism (1)Sufism (2)Sunni (8)Svetambara (3)Taoism (4)Tendai (1)Tengrism (1)The Eleusinian Mysteries (1)The Episcopal Church (12)The United Methodist Church (1)Theravada (6)Tiantai (1)Tibetan Buddhism (3)Udasi (1)Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (10)Ukrainian Orthodox Church (15)Vaishnavism (4)Vajrayana (3)Wahhabism (2)Wicca (1)Zaidiyyah (3)Zen (4)Zhengyi (Orthodox Unity) (3)Zoroastrianism (4)Establishment StatusAllConfessionalist (1)Declared Not Established (2)Disestablished (12)Established (7)No Establishment (63)Privileged Never Established (16)Varies by Province (18)HistoricityAllHistorically attested (71)Historicity debated (18)In GroupAllHizb, the Sixty Half-Parts (60)Juz, the Thirty Parts (30)Named Verses and Verse Groups (2)Surahs 1 to 40 (40)Surahs 41 to 77 (37)Surahs 78 to 114 (37)ScripturesAll1 Esdras (1)2 Esdras (1)3 Maccabees (1)4 Maccabees (1)A Course in Miracles (1)Acts of Pilate (1)Acts of Thomas (1)Additions to Daniel (1)Additions to Esther (1)Agamas (1)Agni Purana (1)Al-Istibsar (1)Al-Muwatta (1)Amduat (1)Apocryphon of John (1)Arda Viraf Nameh (Book of Arda Viraf) (1)Atharva Veda (1)Avatamsaka Sutra (1)Avesta (1)Barddas (1)Bhagavad Gita (1)Bhagavata Purana (1)Bhagavati Sutra (1)Bhaishajyaguru Sutra (1)Book of Baruch (1)Book of Documents (Shujing) (1)Book of Enoch (1 Enoch) (1)Book of Gates (1)Book of Jubilees (1)Book of Judith (1)Book of Mormon (1)Book of the Dead (1)Book of Tobit (1)Books of Chilam Balam (1)Books of the Maccabees (1)Brahma Sutras (1)Bundahishn (1)Buyruk (1)Catechism of Positive Religion (1)Coffin Texts (1)Community Rule (1)Da'a'im al-Islam (1)Dala'il-i-Sab'ih (Seven Proofs) (1)Daozang (1)Dasam Granth (1)Dashavaikalika Sutra (1)Devi Mahatmya (1)Dhammapada (1)Diamond Sutra (1)Didache (1)Divya Prabandham (1)Doctrine and Covenants (1)Donggyeong Daejeon (1)Epistle of Barnabas (1)Epistle to Diognetus (1)Epistles of Wisdom (1)First Clement (1)Five Classics (1)Garuda Purana (1)Gathas (1)Gemara (1)Genesis Apocryphon (1)Ginza Rabba (1)Gospel of Judas (1)Gospel of Mary (1)Gospel of Peter (1)Gospel of Philip (1)Gospel of Thomas (1)Gospel of Truth (1)Gothic Bible (1)Guru Granth Sahib (1)Hadith (1)Haran Gawaita (1)Heart Sutra (1)Hodayot (Thanksgiving Hymns) (1)I Ching (1)Infancy Gospel of James (1)Jami at-Tirmidhi (1)Jami' al-Rabi' (1)Janam-sakhis (1)Kalam-e Saranjam (1)Kalpa Sutra (1)Kangyur (1)Karandavyuha Sutra (1)Kebra Nagast (2)Khordeh Avesta (1)King James Version (2)Kitab al-Kafi (1)Kitab-i-Aqdas (1)Kitab-i-Iqan (1)Kiteba Cilwe (Book of Revelation) (1)Kogo Shui (1)Kojiki (1)Konkokyo Kyoten (1)Kumulipo (2)Lankavatara Sutra (1)Larger Sukhavativyuha Sutra (1)Letter of Jeremiah (1)Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians (1)Letters of Ignatius of Antioch (1)Liber AL vel Legis (The Book of the Law) (1)Liber Cordis Cincti Serpente (Liber LXV) (1)Liber VII (Liber Liberi vel Lapidis Lazuli) (1)Liji (The Classic of Rites) (1)Lotus Sutra (1)Mahabharata (1)Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih (1)Mandaean Book of John (1)Markandeya Purana (1)Martyrdom of Polycarp (1)Masoretic Text (1)Memar Marqah (1)Mencius (1)Midrash (1)Mikagura-uta (1)Milindapanha (1)Mishefa Res (1)Mishnah (1)Musnad al-Imam Zayd (1)Nag Hammadi Library (1)New Testament (1)Nihon Shoki (1)Nilakantha Dharani Sutra (1)Odes of Solomon (1)Ofudesaki (1)Ofudesaki (Omoto) (1)Oral Torah (1)Osashizu (1)Pancharatra Samhitas (1)Panj Sha'n (Five Grades) (1)Pearl of Great Price (1)Perfection of Wisdom Sutras (1)Pesher Habakkuk (Habakkuk Commentary) (1)Peshitta (1)Pirkei Avot (1)Pistis Sophia (1)Platform Sutra (1)Popol Vuh (1)Prayer of Manasseh (1)Principia Discordia (1)Psalm 151 (1)Puranas (1)Purvas (1)Pyramid Texts (1)Qolasta (1)Ramayana (1)Reikai Monogatari (1)Rig Veda (1)Sahih al-Bukhari (1)Sahih Muslim (1)Sam Giang (Poems and Prophecies of Huynh Phu So) (1)Sama Veda (1)Samaritan Book of Joshua (Chronicle) (1)Samaritan Pentateuch (1)Samkhya Karika (1)Sarbloh Granth (1)Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1)Septuagint (1)Shabuhragan (1)Shaiva Agamas (1)Shariyat-Ki-Sugmad (1)Shat-chakra-nirupana (1)Shatkhandagama (1)Shepherd of Hermas (1)Shijing (Classic of Poetry) (1)Shiva Sutras (1)Skanda Purana (1)Spanda Karikas (1)Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu) (1)Sunan Abu Dawud (1)Sunan an-Nasa'i (1)Sunan Ibn Majah (1)Surangama Sutra (1)Sutrakritanga (1)Systeme de politique positive (1)Tahdhib al-Ahkam (1)Talmud (1)Tan Luat (Cao Dai Canonical Codes) (1)Tanakh (1)Tantraloka (1)Tao Te Ching (1)Targums (1)Tattvartha Sutra (1)Temple Scroll (1)Tengyur (1)Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs (2)Tevaram (1)The Age of Reason (1)The Analects (1)The Apocrypha (1)The Bayan (1)The Bible (1)The Brahmanas (1)The Doctrine of the Mean (1)The Gosho (1)The Great Learning (1)The Hidden Words (1)The Ifa Literary Corpus (1)The Jataka Tales (1)The Kephalaia (Chapters of the Teacher) (1)The Mediums' Book (1)The Quran (1)The Satanic Bible (1)The Satanic Rituals (1)The Satanic Witch (1)The Science of Mind (1)The Spiral Dance (1)The Spirits' Book (1)The Urantia Book (1)The Vedas (1)Therigatha (1)Tiruvasagam (1)Torah (1)Tosefta (1)Tripitaka (1)Upanishads (1)Uttaradhyayana Sutra (1)Vaikhanasa Agamas (1)Vendidad (1)Vimalakirti Sutra (1)Vinaya Pitaka (1)Vishnu Purana (1)Vulgate (1)War Scroll (1)Wisdom of Sirach (1)Wisdom of Solomon (1)Xiaojing (Classic of Filial Piety) (1)Yajur Veda (1)Yasna (1)Yazidi Qewls (1)Yoga Vasistha (1)Yongdam Yusa (1)Zhuan Falun (1)Zhuangzi (1)Unesco StatusAllInscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (2)Adherents BandAllhas no membership by definition (1)no ancient headcount survives (1)no count exists by the organization's own deliberate policy (1)no count isolating this lineage exists (1)no count isolating this tradition exists (3)no dated series exists (1)no single combined figure exists (1)practitioners are by definition uncounted (1)Canonical statusAllApocryphal (15)Canonical (98)Canonical (Avesta) (5)Canonical (Guru Granth Sahib) (1)Canonical (Jain Agama) (8)Canonical (Mahayana) (14)Canonical (Tanakh) (3)Canonical (Tipitaka) (6)Canonical, one of the five nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka (4)Deuterocanonical (14)Hadith (14)Non-canonical (47)Protocanonical (2)Pseudepigraphal (3)Qur'anic revelation (1)Shruti (revealed) (17)Shruti, and counted among the principal (mukhya) Upanishads (6)Shruti, and counted among the principal Upanishads (3)Smriti (remembered) (33)Talmudic (6)Council RankAllCommunion-wide or Denomination-wide Council (9)Global or Cross-Tradition Gathering (7)Local or Single-Community Meeting (1)Regional or National Council (6)Language of CompositionAllArabic (3)Castilian (1)French (2)Hebrew (1)Latin (13)Ottoman Turkish (1)Portuguese, entered in the congregation's minute book (1)MembershipAllAll adherents of the tradition (5)Initiates only (13)Lay people (2)Men only (2)Monastics (5)Ordained clergy (2)Women and men (1)Recognition StatusAllNot formally recognized by any body (56)Recognition is contested (8)Recognized as crimes against humanity (1)Recognized as genocide (3)Authority ScopeAllA locality: a parish, a district or a town (10)A region: a diocese, a province or an eparchy (3)No institutional authority; the standing is personal (1)One congregation, house or temple (1)One order, school or lineage, wherever it is found (6)The whole tradition, or a claim to it (8)Event DateAll1612 (1)11 to approximately 22 July 1995 (1)1209 to 1229 (1)1553 to 1558, the reign of Mary I (1)1609 to 1614 (1)1692 to 1693 (1)18 November 1978 (1)1975 to 1979 (the Democratic Kampuchea period) (1)31 October to 7 November 1984, concentrated in Delhi (1)In 1026, in the reign of the Chaulukya king Bhima I (1)May to early July 1096 (1)Roughly 1626 to 1631, during the Thirty Years War (1)OpposesAllChinese Folk Religion (1)Christianity (6)Continental Germanic Paganism (1)Hinduism (3)Islam (7)Judaism (2)Religion of Humanity (1)Roman Religion (1)Parent ReligionAllAtheism (1)Buddhism (23)Christianity (86)Gnosticism (3)Hinduism (12)Islam (14)Jainism (3)Judaism (12)Latter Day Saint Movement (4)Modern Satanism (4)New Thought (4)Palo Monte (1)Secular Humanism (3)Shinto (3)Sikhism (3)Taoism (4)Wicca (7)Zoroastrianism (2)Parent ScriptureAllAvesta (5)Bhagavad Gita (18)Book of Mormon (15)Guru Granth Sahib (31)I Ching (3)Kojiki (3)Mahabharata (18)New Testament (27)Ramayana (7)Rig Veda (10)Talmud (3)Tanakh (80)Tao Te Ching (83)The Jataka Tales (1)The Quran (206)Torah (59)Tripitaka (18)Upanishads (3)Promulgated ByAllNapoleon Bonaparte (1)State RecognitionAllNew Zealand (1)Sweden (1)Vietnam (2)Branch of philosophyAllEpistemology (11)Ethics (11)Logic (4)Metaphysics (19)Philosophy of Mind (2)Philosophy of Religion (1)Category of StructureAllAn old Svetambara Jain monastic lineage (1)Aztec priestly residential school attached to a major temple (1)Community (21)Doctrinal teaching office of the Catholic Church (1)Endowment (1)Formation (2)Governing Body (7)Grouping (1)Lay committee governing a Chinese folk temple (1)Lineage (3)Monastic order of Digambara Jainism (1)Monastic order of Svetambara Jainism (1)Monastic teaching lineage within Svetambara Jainism (1)Office (4)Place of Worship (10)Positivist temple of the Religion of Humanity (1)Repository (2)School (7)Temporary ritual dwelling built for the festival of Sukkot (1)Territorial (3)The largest surviving Svetambara Jain monastic lineage (1)Kind of instrumentAllCharters (Religious Legal Instruments) (3)Conciliar Acts (Religious Legal Instruments) (3)Concordats (Religious Legal Instruments) (3)Constitutional Provisions (Religious Legal Instruments) (3)Fatwas (Religious Legal Instruments) (3)Government Decrees (Religious Legal Instruments) (4)Imperial Edicts (Religious Legal Instruments) (5)Interfaith Statements and Open Letters (Religious Legal Instruments) (1)Papal Bulls (Religious Legal Instruments) (8)Papal Encyclicals (Religious Legal Instruments) (4)Rabbinic Rulings (Religious Legal Instruments) (3)Royal Edicts (Religious Legal Instruments) (5)Statutes (Religious Legal Instruments) (6)Vinaya Rulings (Religious Legal Instruments) (3)Status TodayAllHistorical; not practised continuously (41)In active religious use (11)Living tradition, practised today (220)Revived or reconstructed in the modern era (17)Suppressed, then revived (5)Where PractisedAllAksum (2)Anatolia and Asia Minor (4)Arabia (1)Assam (2)Babylonia (2)Bali (1)Bengal (1)Bihar (5)Borneo (2)Brazil (1)Britain (1)British Isles (1)British Isles and Gaul (1)Buganda (2)Caucasus (1)Central Africa (1)Central Asia (4)Central Asian Steppe (3)Central Europe (1)China (3)Congo (1)Deccan (4)East Africa (3)East Asia (2)Eastern Europe (2)Egypt (3)Ethiopia (1)Etruria (1)Galilee (2)Germany (1)Greece (2)Gujarat (3)Himalayas (3)Holy Land (3)Iberia (2)Iberia and Southern France (2)India (1)Indian Subcontinent (4)Iraq (1)Italy (1)Japan (2)Judea (3)Karnataka (2)Kashmir (2)Kerala (2)Korea (3)Lake Victoria (2)Latium (1)Macedonia (2)Maharashtra (1)Manipur (1)Mecca (1)Meghalaya (1)Mesoamerica (2)Mesopotamia (3)Mexico (1)Micronesia (1)Moab (2)Near East (7)North Africa (3)North America (1)North China Plain (1)Oceania and Australia (3)Orkney (1)Persia (3)Polynesia (2)Punjab (3)Rajasthan (2)Rhineland (1)Rome (1)Ryukyu Islands (1)Saint-Domingue (1)Samaria (4)Scandinavia (2)Siberia (1)Sichuan (1)Southeast Asia (3)Southern Africa (3)Sulawesi (1)Tamil Nadu (2)The Andes (1)The Caribbean (3)The Guianas (2)The Levant (3)Tibet (2)Turkey (1)United States (1)Uttar Pradesh (4)Uttarakhand (2)West Africa (2)West Africa and the Caribbean (2)West Bank (4)Yorubaland (2)Yucatan (1)Yunnan (1)Discipline FamilyAllContemplative Disciplines (Disciplines) (14)Cosmological Disciplines (Disciplines) (2)Divinatory Disciplines (Disciplines) (20)Healing Disciplines (Disciplines) (11)Magical Disciplines (Disciplines) (9)Practical Disciplines (Disciplines) (2)Scholarly Disciplines (Disciplines) (8)Liturgical LanguageAllAramaic (3)Ardhamagadhi Prakrit (2)Avestan (2)Church Slavonic (7)Classical Arabic (15)Classical Armenian (Grabar) (2)Classical Chinese (read in Sino-Japanese where used in Japan) (17)Classical Japanese (2)Classical Syriac (4)Classical Tibetan (8)Coptic (2)Early Modern German (the Luther Bible) (1)Geez (4)Georgian (1)Greek (liturgical) (5)Hebrew (10)Jain Shauraseni Prakrit (1)Kikongo-derived ritual language (habla congo) (1)Latin (1)Pali (1)Punjabi in Gurmukhi script (3)Sanskrit (22)The vernacular (119)Marriage PositionAllMarriage is held to be a lifelong, monogamous, indissoluble union; remarriage after divorce is not sanctioned while a spouse lives (3)Marriage is held to be monogamous, with remarriage after divorce sanctioned under specified conditions (16)Marriage may licitly be polygynous (4)No single uniform teaching on marriage's terms holds across the body (4)Period Start YearAll3100 BCE (1)753 BCE (1)599 BCE (1)597 BCE (1)480 BCE (2)249 BCE (1)64 (1)70 (1)132 (1)184 (1)250 (1)257 (1)303 (1)622 (1)624 (1)625 (1)656 (1)680 (1)726 (1)841 (1)1026 (1)1054 (1)1066 (1)1076 (1)1096 (2)1170 (1)1202 (1)1209 (1)1307 (1)1325 (1)1378 (1)1391 (1)1392 (1)1420 (1)1469 (1)1478 (1)1492 (1)1517 (1)1521 (1)1531 (1)1534 (1)1535 (1)1536 (2)1542 (1)1545 (1)1553 (1)1555 (1)1561 (1)1570 (1)1598 (1)1606 (1)1609 (2)1612 (1)1625 (1)1648 (1)1666 (1)1675 (2)1681 (1)1692 (1)1699 (1)1705 (1)1735 (1)1759 (1)1767 (1)1793 (1)1801 (1)1819 (1)1820 (1)1828 (1)1848 (1)1850 (1)1854 (1)1858 (1)1860 (1)1868 (1)1871 (1)1893 (1)1894 (1)1895 (1)1897 (1)1903 (1)1904 (1)1906 (1)1914 (1)1915 (1)1917 (2)1921 (1)1925 (2)1926 (1)1936 (2)1941 (1)1945 (1)1946 (1)1948 (1)1950 (2)1954 (1)1963 (1)1966 (1)1967 (1)1974 (1)1975 (1)1979 (1)1984 (1)1987 (2)1988 (1)1990 (1)1994 (2)1995 (1)1999 (1)2010 (1)2014 (1)2016 (1)2017 (1)2018 (1)ThemeAllA four-stage account of how anything comes to be what it is (1)A list of paradoxes, and laughter offered as evidence (1)A ranking of rulers in which invisibility is best (1)A survey of interventions and their opposite results (1)A victory treated as a funeral (1)Blandness as the mark of what is inexhaustible (1)Diplomacy conducted from the low ground (1)Emptiness as an inexhaustible source, older than the gods (1)Excellence that looks like its opposite (1)Greatness accomplished by refusing to be great (1)Knowledge that does not require going anywhere (1)Martial excellence defined entirely by what it does not do (1)Non-action as the closing statement of the first part (1)Rulers who name themselves by words of loss (1)Scale: dealing with a thing while it is still small (1)Self-display as the exact thing that defeats itself (1)Self-interest served by setting the self aside (1)Skill that leaves no trace, and nobody written off (1)Small sight and soft holding named as the strong positions (1)Softness entering where there is no opening (1)Something real inside what cannot be pinned down (1)Stimulation as a form of impairment (1)Subtraction as a discipline, set against accumulation (1)The clearest political indictment in the book (1)The evidence of corpses, used as an argument for softness (1)The hour of death, and the state of mind carried into it (1)The low position as the source of the high one (1)The way as a refuge that does not exclude the guilty (1)Three questions about what a life is being spent on (1)Two kinds of courage, and a net that nothing escapes (1)War fought defensively, and grief as the deciding factor (1)Weight and stillness as the ground of authority (1)What happens to a population that has stopped being afraid (1)Composed OfAllBook of Baruch (1)Book of Judith (1)Book of Tobit (1)Books of the Maccabees (1)Midrash (1)Mishnah (1)Talmud (1)Tosefta (1)Wisdom of Sirach (1)Wisdom of Solomon (1)Kind of eventAll19th-Century Hindu Reform Organizations (2)Anti-Jesuit Expulsions of the 18th Century (2)Battle (Religious Events) (5)Birth (Religious Events) (7)Christian Revival (6)Controversy (Religious Events) (7)Conversions and National Baptisms (1)Crusade (Religious Events) (3)Declaration (Religious Events) (7)Edict (Religious Events) (5)Festival (Religious Events) (4)Foundational Revelations to Muhammad (2)Founding (Religious Events) (3)Founding Revelations of the Baha i Faith (3)Foundings of Orders and Movements (2)Historic Inquisitions of the Catholic Church (5)Jewish-Roman Wars (2)Krishna Narrative Episodes (2)Late Ottoman Genocides (2)Latin American Anticlerical Campaigns Against the Catholic Church (2)Legal Ruling (Religious Events) (3)Life of Jesus in the Gospel Narrative (16)Marian Apparition (3)Martyrdom (Religious Events) (4)Medieval Anti-Jewish Massacres and Expulsions in Europe (4)Migrations and Flights (2)Milestones in the Life of the Buddha (3)Persecution of Ahmadi Muslims (2)Persecution of Buddhists (4)Protestant Reformation Events (6)Publications, Compilations and Rulings (1)Ramayana Narrative Episodes (3)Rebellions, Tragedies and Political Ends of Religious Institutions (1)Roman Imperial Persecutions of Christians (5)Schism (Religious Events) (4)State Atheism Campaigns (5)Treaty (Religious Events) (3)Witch Trial (5)Witch-Hunts (2)Zoroastrian Founding Revelations (2)Ordination PracticeAllA full female ordination lineage continues (1)An unpaid lay ministry rather than a professional clergy (6)Authority conferred by initiation rather than by ordination (18)Celibacy required of the ordained (10)Conferred by a teacher's certification of learning (2)Conferred by appointment from a higher authority (3)Conferred by election (1)Married clergy permitted (32)No ordination; authority rests on learning or on the whole body (20)No successor by deliberate choice (1)Non-celibate tantric practitioners alongside monastics (3)Office passes by descent (18)Open to women and men (60)Ordination is into a monastic order, not to a congregation (30)Restricted to men (55)Restricted to women (1)The full female ordination lineage is held lapsed; revival contested (5)Varies between provinces or member bodies (27)Decline EraAll-1200 (2)-450 (1)-100 (2)300 (3)350 (1)380 (3)529 (1)597 (1)600 (1)651 (1)863 (1)1000 (1)1150 (1)1209 (1)1387 (1)1393 (1)1521 (1)1533 (1)1670 (1)1966 (3)PolityAllA federation of autonomous member organisations (12)A head temple over affiliated branch temples (10)A living imam whose office passes by descent (1)A single central governing body over the whole movement (22)An imam or caliph elected by the community or its electors (3)Authority in a living teacher and their succession (7)Authority in living jurists whom the laity choose to emulate (1)Authority in monastic seats (mathas) and their heads (7)Authority in recognised reincarnate lineages (7)Authority in trained scholars, with no central office (9)Authority through a shaykh and an initiatic chain (2)Authority through monastic ordination lineage and its seats (15)Autonomous covens, authority conferred by initiation (5)Autonomous initiatory houses under an initiating elder (1)Autonomous local bodies under a national umbrella association (9)Business decided by the gathered meeting seeking unity, without clergy (3)Congregational: each congregation self-governing (18)Connexional: congregations bound in a conference with itinerant ministry (8)Delegated representation from congregations up to a general conference (10)Episcopal: governed by bishops (16)Lay boards or trusts govern, alongside the priesthood (4)No central authority (39)Presbyterian: governed by elders in graded courts (7)Priestly office passing by descent (8)Self-governing churches under patriarchs, deciding in synod (17)Synodal: governed by synods of clergy and lay delegates (6)Universal primacy of a single bishop (1)Sexuality PositionAllSame-sex marriage is performed and LGBT clergy are ordained on equal terms with heterosexual clergy (23)Same-sex orientation or practice is held to bar full membership or participation (21)Same-sex sexual relationships are held contrary to teaching; LGBT individuals are welcomed as members but not ordained, and same-sex unions are not blessed (29)Same-sex unions may be blessed, but ordination is not extended to partnered LGBT clergy (2)The body holds no single settled position; the question is actively and openly contested within it (15)Revival EraAll1463 (1)1781 (1)1911 (1)1930 (1)1970 (1)1972 (1)1990 (4)Conception of the DivineAllAgnostic: the question held unresolved (1)Ancestor-centred (34)Animist: persons and powers in land, water and living things (36)Atheistic: no god (2)Deistic: a creator who does not intervene (1)Dualist: two opposed cosmic principles (6)Duotheistic: a divine pair (4)Emanationist: reality proceeds from an ineffable One (4)Henotheistic: a supreme being above served lesser divinities (23)Monistic: one ultimate reality behind all appearance (6)Monotheistic: one God (30)Non-theistic: no creator god is central (8)Panentheistic: the divine both within the world and beyond it (2)Polytheistic: many gods (47)Excluded From CanonAllAnabaptism (15)Baptist (15)Calvinism (Reformed) (15)Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (1)Church of Scotland (15)Church of Sweden (14)Dutch Reformed Church (15)Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (14)Global Methodist Church (1)Jehovah's Witnesses (15)Lutheranism (14)Methodism (1)Pentecostalism (15)Presbyterianism (15)Protestantism (15)Quakerism (Religious Society of Friends) (15)Quranism (14)Seventh-day Adventism (15)Shia (Twelver) (6)Sunni (4)The United Methodist Church (1)Positions HeldAllAhimsa (3)Atman (2)Avidya (2)Bhakti (3)Brahman (2)Dana (3)Dharma (3)Divine simplicity (1)Dvaita (1)Dyophysite Christology of the Church of the East (1)Guru Parampara (3)Hypostatic union (1)Iman (2)Ishta-Devata (3)Jnana Yoga (3)Karma (3)Lila (2)Mahapurusha (2)Moksha (3)Natural Theology (2)Omnipotence (2)Omniscience (2)Papa and Punya (3)Paramatman (1)Pralaya (3)Predestination and free will (1)Samadhi (3)Samsara (3)Samskara (3)Sat-Chit-Ananda (2)Savikalpa Samadhi (1)The Createdness of the Quran (4)The Four Mahavakyas (1)The Three Gunas (3)Theodicy and the problem of evil (2)Theotokos (2)Trailokya (1)Transcendence and immanence (1)Vedanta (3)Vishishtadvaita (1)Parent workAllMishnah (1)Perfection of Wisdom Sutras (2)Puranas (1)The Vedas (5)Tripitaka (1)Canon divisionAllAgama Scriptures (4)Anthologies (Scriptures and Texts) (3)Apocrypha (Scriptures and Texts) (4)Apocryphal Additions (4)Apostolic Fathers (8)Babi Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (3)Bahá’í Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (3)Bible Translations (5)Buddhist Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (5)Chronicles (Scriptures and Texts) (6)Classical Rabbinic Literature (7)Classics (Scriptures and Texts) (5)Confucian Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (6)Dead Sea Scrolls (Scriptures and Texts) (6)Druze Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (1)Epics (Scriptures and Texts) (3)Funerary Texts (Scriptures and Texts) (5)Gnostic Gospels (Scriptures and Texts) (8)Hymn Collections (Scriptures and Texts) (5)Ismaili, Zaidi and Ibadi Foundational Texts (3)Jain Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (8)Japanese New Religions Scriptures (6)Jewish Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (3)Kardecist Spiritism Scriptures (2)Kashmir Shaivism Sutras (2)Latter Day Saint Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (3)Maccabean Literature (2)Mahayana Buddhist Sutras (13)Mandaean Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (3)Manichaean Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (2)Modern Pagan Movement Scriptures (2)Modern Satanism Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (3)Myths (Scriptures and Texts) (1)New Testament Apocryphal Gospels (2)Oral Traditions (Scriptures and Texts) (1)Pseudepigrapha (Scriptures and Texts) (4)Religion of Humanity Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (1)Samaritan Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (3)Shia Four Books (4)Shruti Scriptures (7)Sikh Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (4)Smriti Scriptures (10)Sunni Six Books (6)Taoist Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (3)Thelemic Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (3)Vietnamese New Religion Scriptures (2)Wisdom Literature (2)Yarsani Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (1)Yazidi Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (2)Zoroastrian Scriptures (Scriptures and Texts) (7)Parent DenominationAllAnabaptism (2)Anglican Communion (2)Baptist (5)Congregationalists (1)Eastern Orthodoxy (1)Evangelicalism (1)Gaudiya Vaishnavism (1)Haredi Judaism (1)Hasidic Judaism (2)Historically Black Protestant Tradition (7)Kagyu (1)Mahayana (3)Mainline Protestantism (7)Oriental Orthodoxy (1)Pentecostalism (2)Presbyterianism (1)Protestantism (17)Roman Catholicism (1)Shaivism (3)Shaktism (1)Sunni (1)Tibetan Buddhism (5)Vajrayana (2)Closed Practice StatusAllClosed ceremonial knowledge, described but not reproduced (11)Discontinued as a state religion (12)Entered only through an initiated priesthood (1)Held within an initiatory society (1)Living, and in active revival (5)Living, and practised in varied local forms (18)Partly restricted: some elements are closed to outsiders (19)Giving Obligation EnforceabilityAllCodified Obligation With Consequences (3)Customary Norm (15)Obligation to Support, No Set Rate (1)Preached Expectation, Not Enforced (1)Usury PositionAllInterest is permitted but bound by ethical constraints against exploiting the poor (1)Interest of any kind on a loan is forbidden (1)Kind of TraditionAllAbrahamic (Monotheistic) (3)Chinese (Philosophical-Religious) (1)Dharmic (Monotheistic) (1)Dharmic (Nontheistic) (1)Ethnoreligious (Monotheistic) (2)Modern Pagan (9)New Religious Movement (8)Polytheistic (Animist) (3)Polytheistic (Historical) (13)Polytheistic (Historical/Revived) (1)Secular / Nontheistic (3)Syncretic (Afro-Caribbean) (3)Syncretic (Indigenous-Christian) (1)Syncretic (Southeast Asian) (1)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 100Kingship Descends From HeavenFoundationalKirat MundhumPolytheistic (Animist)Kishkindha KandaRamayanaKitab al-KafiIslamic ScripturesKitab-i-AqdasBahá’í ScripturesKitab-i-IqanBahá’í ScripturesKiteba Cilwe (Book of Revelation)Yazidi ScripturesKogo ShuiChroniclesKojikiChroniclesKojiki, Section I: The Beginning of Heaven and EarthKojikiKojiki, Section X: The Purification of the August PersonKojikiKongo ReligionPolytheistic (Animist)KonkokyoNew Religious MovementKonkokyo KyotenNew Religious Movement ScripturesKopimismNew Religious MovementKorachTorahKorean MuismPolytheistic (Animist)Krobo Traditional ReligionPolytheistic (Animist)KumulipoEpicsKundalini YogaContemplative DisciplinesLa Luz del MundoChristianityLadin MythologyPolytheistic (Folk)LaityCommunitiesLakota ReligionPolytheistic (Animist)Lamrim ChenmoTheological TreatisesLankavatara SutraSutrasLarger Sukhavativyuha SutraSutrasLatter Day Saint MovementAbrahamic (Monotheistic)Latter-day Saints (Mormonism)ChristianityLaudato Si'Papal EncyclicalsLebanese Civil WarModern State Wars and InsurgenciesLech-LechaTorahLeft-Hand PathMagical DisciplinesLegalismPhilosophical SchoolsLetter of JeremiahDeuterocanonical BooksLetter of Polycarp to the PhilippiansNon-canonical TextsLetters of Ignatius of AntiochNon-canonical TextsLeviticus 19:18The BibleLiber AL vel Legis (The Book of the Law)Thelemic ScripturesLiber Cordis Cincti Serpente (Liber LXV)Thelemic ScripturesLiber VII (Liber Liberi vel Lapidis Lazuli)Thelemic ScripturesLiberal TheologyModern SchoolsLiji (The Classic of Rites)ClassicsLingayatismHinduismLotus SutraSutrasLouisiana VoodooDenominationsLuba ReligionPolytheistic (Animist)LuciferianismLeft-Hand PathLuke 10:33-34New TestamentLurianic KabbalahCosmological DisciplinesLutheran Church, Missouri SynodChristianityLutheranismChristianityMaccabean RevoltAncient and Early Medieval ConflictsMadhyamakaBuddhismMadrasaHouses of FormationMagisteriumOfficesMahabharataEpicsMahaprasthanika ParvaMahabharataMahaviharaCommunitiesMahayanaBuddhismMahdist WarIslamic Conquests, Fitna and JihadMaimonidean RationalismPhilosophical SchoolsMainline ProtestantismChristianityMaitatsine RisingsCommunal and Sectarian RiotsMajhGuru Granth SahibMajjhima NikayaTripitakaMaktabHouses of FormationMalagasy Traditional ReligionPolytheistic (Animist)MalarGuru Granth SahibMali GauraGuru Granth SahibMaliki SchoolSchools of Religious LawMaluku Sectarian Conflict (1999 to 2002)Communal and Sectarian RiotsMan La Yahduruhu al-FaqihIslamic ScripturesManasaraManualsManchu ShamanismPolytheistic (Historical)Mandaean Book of JohnMandaean ScripturesMandaeismMonotheistic DualistMandala 1Rig VedaMandala 10Rig VedaMandala 2Rig VedaMandala 3Rig VedaMandala 4Rig VedaMandala 5Rig VedaMandala 6Rig VedaMandala 7Rig VedaMandala 8Rig VedaMandala 9Rig VedaMande Traditional ReligionPolytheistic (Animist)Mandukya UpanishadUpanishadsManichaeismMonotheistic DualistMaori ReligionPolytheistic (Animist)Mark 1:14-15New TestamentMarkandeya PuranaHindu ScripturesMaronite ChurchChristianityMartyrdom of PolycarpNon-canonical TextsMaruGuru Granth SahibMaseiTorahMasoretic TextJewish ScripturesMatotTorahMatthew 22:37-39New Testament← Previous1…910111213…22Next →Sources1. Encyclopedia of Religiontier 1Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005s.v. ReligionView the SourceDivinity Atlas Directory Prose, First Edition Category Descriptionstier 1Comments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.