Avestan Se: The Letter in the Avestan Alphabet

The sound is a plain s, the tongue channelling the air into a narrow stream against the teeth. It opens the sibilant group, the largest single family of letters in the alphabet. Six sibilant letters is the alphabet's most conspicuous extravagance and its best argument. Four of the six write sounds in the sh region that most writing systems gather under a single sign, and the manuscripts are consistent about which of the four a given word takes. It stands forty-eighth in the alphabet as a whole and thirty-second of the thirty-eight consonants, between Avestan Le and Avestan Ze. Nothing in that placement was handed down. The sequence was arranged by whoever assembled the alphabet, and it records their view of how the sounds of the language stand in relation to one another. Nothing about this letter was forced by the writing it came from.

The shapes are Pahlavi, but the inventory, the ordering and the decision to write vowels in full are the work of whoever assembled the alphabet, and they are decisions taken about a text rather than about a language. Fifty-four letters is a large inventory by any standard and larger than any script in use around it. The number is less a measure of the language's complexity than of how much of the recitation the compilers decided the page ought to carry.