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The Shape of the Canaanite Pantheon

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The Shape of the Canaanite Pantheon

El presides and Baal contends. That division of labour is the structural signature of the Ugaritic material, and it is why the Canaanite pantheon reads so differently from the Greek despite both having a king at the top.

El is the father, the creator of creatures, aged and benevolent and slow, who sits at the source of the two rivers and whose assent is required. The assembly of the gods is his household, and the sons of El, said to number seventy, are its members. He does not fight.

Baal does. The Baal Cycle is an extended account of a god acquiring kingship rather than inheriting it: he defeats Yam, the sea, and is proclaimed king; he demands and is granted a palace; he is then swallowed by Mot, death, and the world dries out until his sister Anat destroys Mot and he returns. The kingship of the storm is won, lost and regained, and its rhythm is the rhythm of the agricultural year.

The roster is bounded in a way many pantheons are not. Seventy sons of El and Athirat is a stated figure, and the pantheon lists recovered from Ugarit are formal enumerations used in cult.

The royal dead had standing. The rapiuma are addressed in the texts as a company of the departed with a continuing role, and the king who joined them was joining something already constituted.

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