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What the Cynics Meant by Living According to Nature

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What the Cynics Meant by Living According to Nature

Cynic teaching held that human beings become miserable not because of what nature actually requires but because of artificial wants imposed by custom, wealth, status and the good opinion of other people, and that a person willing to give up all of these can be genuinely free in a way that even a king is not. Diogenes of Sinope, the movement's most famous exemplar, is reported to have owned almost nothing beyond a cloak, a staff and a bowl, discarding even the bowl after seeing a boy drink from cupped hands, and to have lived in a large storage jar near the marketplace at Athens rather than in a house. His public conduct was designed to provoke, not merely to withdraw, deliberately performing ordinary bodily needs in public and mocking the pretensions of the powerful, including a famous, likely legendary exchange in which he told Alexander the Great, who had offered to grant him any favor, simply to stop blocking his sunlight. The Cynics used the word askesis, training or discipline, for this deliberate self imposed hardship, treating it as a kind of philosophical athletics that strengthens the will the way physical exercise strengthens the body. Because Cynicism prized a life over a doctrine, it left little in the way of formal writing, and much of what is known comes from anecdotes collected long after the fact, chiefly by the later biographer Diogenes Laertius, whose reliability modern scholars treat with real caution.

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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman (eds.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2024View the Source
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