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The Shrine Register and the Norito

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The Shrine Register and the Norito

Two portions of the Engishiki's Jingikan volumes have lived far beyond the Heian bureaucracy that produced them. The register of deities, the jinmyocho filling volumes nine and ten, lists the 2,861 shrines, enshrining 3,132 seats of kami, that received offerings from the court or the provinces, ranked into greater and lesser and annotated with their festivals' privileges. When the register was compiled it was an administrative roll; it became a patent of nobility. A shrine able to identify itself with an entry is a shikinaisha, a shrine within the Procedures, and the title remains a living distinction among Japanese shrines eleven centuries later, cited on shrine signboards and in local histories, the register serving historians meanwhile as a unique map of where and how the kami were worshipped in classical Japan.

Volume eight preserves the norito, twenty seven formal prayers in Old Japanese, among them the grand prayer for the harvest, the great purification formula with its catalogue of heavenly and earthly offences swept away to the sea, and the blessing of the palace. Their solemn parallel phrasing is the oldest surviving liturgical language of Shinto, still the model for prayers composed today. The full Engishiki, implemented in 967, remained a reference through the medieval collapse of the system it described, and modern Shinto studies, which take the text as a foundation document, read in it a religion already inseparable from the state that wrote it down.

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Divinity Atlas Long-Form Articles, First Edition
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