Felix Adler founded Ethical Culture in New York in 1876 on the motto deed before creed, holding that ethical conduct rather than shared belief about God is the true ground of religious life. Adler's own Creed and Deed sets out the founding position directly: societies built on this principle neither require members to affirm a god nor ask them to deny one, since the question is set aside as not the point, what a member does for others being the entire measure of religious seriousness the movement asks for. The Oxford Handbook of Atheism situates Ethical Culture as one of the earliest organised American bodies to institutionalise this stance, meeting weekly for platform addresses on ethics and moral education rather than theological instruction, led by trained Leaders rather than ordained clergy, a title chosen deliberately to mark the office as moral rather than sacramental. The same handbook records that Ethical Culture's legal standing as a religion without a theistic creed was tested and upheld in United States constitutional law, cited in a footnote to the Supreme Court's 1961 decision in Torcaso v. Watkins alongside Buddhism and Secular Humanism as an example of a religion that does not teach belief in God, a recognition the movement itself has treated as vindicating its founding claim that ethical seriousness, not theology, is what makes a religious life religious.