The Hymn to Huitzilopochtli celebrates the Aztec patron deity's birth story, in which he emerges fully armed from his mother Coatlicue to defend her against an attack by his sister Coyolxauhqui and four hundred siblings angered by her pregnancy, a myth of martial birth and immediate victorious combat that directly reflects and reinforces Huitzilopochtli's central role as a god of the sun and of war within Aztec state religion and imperial ideology. This origin myth also carried direct ritual and architectural significance within the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, where the Templo Mayor, the city's principal pyramid temple, was constructed with a specific symbolic association to the mountain where this mythic battle was believed to have occurred, and archaeological excavation has uncovered stone carvings there depicting the dismembered Coyolxauhqui consistent with this mythic narrative, giving scholars physical, non-textual confirmation that this specific myth held genuine and prominent ritual importance in Aztec state religious life beyond its appearance in the later recorded hymn alone.
Huitzilopochtli's name is generally translated as referring to a hummingbird associated with the left side or south, an etymology reflecting Aztec mythological imagery in which slain warriors were believed to accompany the sun as hummingbirds, further tying this specific god's identity to the intertwined themes of warfare, sacrifice and solar continuity central to his cult.