Seventeenth century writers claimed the Mystery Play of Elche reached back to the thirteenth century, but modern scholarship has set that claim aside for lack of supporting evidence and instead places the play's composition in the latter half of the fifteenth century, without pinning it to one precise year. What is not in dispute is how long the tradition has continued in something close to its present form since: performances have run every August in Elche for roughly five and a half centuries, sung entirely in Valencian rather than in Latin or Castilian, a choice that has kept the language of the city itself at the center of its own most prominent religious observance across every political and linguistic shift Spain has gone through in that time. UNESCO first recognized the play in 2001, naming it a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, before formally inscribing it on the newer Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008, describing it as a living testimony of European religious theatre of the Middle Ages and of the cult of the Virgin. Very few of the play's medieval counterparts elsewhere in Europe survived the centuries in continuous local performance the way Elche's has, which is precisely the quality UNESCO's own inscription record identifies as making it worth safeguarding rather than merely documenting.