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The Shape of the Norse Pantheon

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The Shape of the Norse Pantheon

The Norse gods come in two families that fought each other first. The Aesir and the Vanir are described as having gone to war and then settled, exchanging hostages, which is how Njord, Freyr and Freyja come to live among the Aesir. Nothing else in the north European material is arranged quite like this, and the settlement rather than the war is the structural fact: the pantheon is a merger.

Odin rules, though the nature of his rule is strange. He is a king who travels in disguise, buys knowledge by mutilation, and is preoccupied throughout with an ending he already knows is coming. Thor is more widely worshipped, judging by names and amulets, and the gap between who is chief in the poetry and who is chief in practice is a real feature rather than an inconsistency.

There is no creator god. The world is assembled from the body of a killed giant, Ymir, and the gods are makers and organisers rather than originators. Time in this pantheon runs toward a catastrophe in which most of the named figures die, and a small remnant of gods and of humanity survives into what comes after.

Human beings do not become gods here. The dead go to Odin's hall or to Freyja's field or to Hel, and the einherjar who train in Valhalla are being kept for a battle, not promoted. What the living owed the dead was cult of a different kind, given to ancestors and to the land, and that is a separate thing from membership of the pantheon.

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