The tradition presents these objects as the relics recovered by Helena at the site of the Crucifixion, and their antiquity has long been taken on the authority of that story and the basilica's continuous custody. Scientific testing has so far addressed only the Titulus Crucis, and the result is telling: Bella and Azzi, publishing in the journal Radiocarbon in 2002, dated the walnut-wood panel to AD 980-1146, a firmly medieval range that rules out a first-century origin for that piece.
The wood fragments and the nail have not been comparably dated, and the general True Cross tradition faces the old objection, voiced already by medieval and Reformation critics, that the multitude of claimed fragments far exceeds any single cross. The corpus is therefore classed as debated: revered and historically important, but with the one tested component shown to be medieval and the rest unverified against the first century.