Ann Lee (1736 to 1784), the English-born founder whom Shakers call Mother Ann, taught that sexual union was the root act of the Fall in Eden and that the return of Christ's spirit, which the Shaker movement holds occurred in her own person and ministry, required followers to renounce sexual relations entirely rather than reform them. The Testimony of Christ's Second Appearing, compiled by Shaker elders after Lee's death from her recorded teaching and the community's early theological development, states celibacy as one of the tradition's foundational testimonies alongside confession of sin, communal ownership of property and separation from the world, treating the four together as the concrete form the restored gospel takes in practice rather than as separate rules. Because Shaker theology holds that Christ's spirit already appeared a second time in Lee's ministry, the community frames its celibate life not as an ascetic discipline aimed at some future reward but as already living within the resurrected order, in which, following a reading of Christ's own statement that the resurrected neither marry nor are given in marriage, marriage as an institution has no further place. Every member entering a Shaker community was required to accept complete sexual abstinence as a condition of membership, applied uniformly rather than reserved for a spiritual elite.