Shambhala is a hidden kingdom of spiritual perfection first described in the Tibetan Buddhist Kalachakra ("Wheel of Time") tradition, and its history is a striking case of a religious idea migrating between cultures. In the Buddhist sources it is a real but concealed land, ringed by snow mountains, ruled by a line of enlightened kings, where the Kalachakra teachings are preserved; prophecy holds that at a future age of decline a king of Shambhala, Rudra Chakrin, will emerge with a great army to defeat the forces of barbarism and inaugurate a renewed age of the Dharma.
For centuries it functioned within Tibetan Buddhism as a goal of visionary pilgrimage and a symbol of the enlightened society. In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries the concept was taken up and transformed by Western esotericism, especially Theosophy, which absorbed it into its own mythology of hidden Masters directing human evolution from a secret centre, and by figures like the painter Nicholas Roerich, feeding into the wider modern imagination of a lost utopia in the mountains of Central Asia (and, by a further mutation, into James Hilton's fictional "Shangri-La"). Shambhala thus lives a double life: an esoteric realm within a specific Buddhist system, and a free-floating Western emblem of hidden wisdom and a coming golden age.