Tradition holds the Shroud to be the burial linen of Jesus, and some researchers point to features they consider hard to fake: the anatomically consistent bloodstains, pollen and limestone said to match Jerusalem, and the image's superficial, directionless quality. The decisive scientific test came in 1988, when laboratories at Arizona, Oxford and Zurich independently radiocarbon-dated sample threads; their combined result, published in Nature in 1989, placed the linen between AD 1260 and 1390 at 95% confidence, squarely in the period of its first appearance at Lirey.
Defenders have argued the sample came from a medieval repair or was contaminated, and later work has re-examined the fragments, but no result has overturned the medieval date to general satisfaction. The Church has never declared the cloth authentic. On the present evidence the object's identity with Jesus is unproven and actively disputed, which is why it is classed here as debated with the radiocarbon finding cited alongside the tradition.