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The Shape of the Sumerian Pantheon

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The Shape of the Sumerian Pantheon

The oldest pantheon the atlas records is organised as a council. The Anunna gather, and what they do when gathered is fix destinies, which is a decision rather than a prophecy. Sumerian gods have jurisdiction, and jurisdiction is allocated.

At the head stands An, the sky, who is senior and increasingly inactive. The god who actually governs is Enlil, whose temple at Nippur, the Ekur, is where the assembly meets and whose approval legitimates kingship across a landscape of competing cities. The pattern is withdrawal at the top and delegation below it, rather than a father overthrown by a son.

Every city has its own god and its own temple, and the god is understood to live there. Enlil at Nippur, Enki at Eridu, Inanna at Uruk, Nanna at Ur: the divine map and the political map are the same map, and when a city fell, the literature says the god had left. This is a pantheon assembled from a landscape of city cults rather than imposed on one.

Human beings were made for the labour the gods no longer wished to do, and that low estimate of the human position is stated flatly in the literature. Nonetheless the line was crossed at the top: kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur were written with the sign that marks a divine name, and hymns were composed to them as gods. Deification of the living ruler is a Sumerian development, and it did not survive the period that produced it.

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