The threefold Goddess is a modern formulation and the honest version of its history is short and well documented. Robert Graves set out the scheme of a goddess in three persons, tied to the phases of the moon, in The White Goddess in 1948. That book is a work of poetic argument and idiosyncratic mythography rather than historical scholarship, and it assembles its case from a wide and highly selective reading of unrelated mythologies. Gerald Gardner and, more decisively, Doreen Valiente placed the Goddess at the centre of Wiccan liturgy through the 1950s, and later Goddess centred writers, Starhawk's The Spiral Dance of 1979 above all, developed the Maiden, Mother and Crone framing into the form now in general use.
Ronald Hutton's The Triumph of the Moon, published in 1999, is the standard history of that reception, and it traces the adoption of the scheme as a twentieth century event rather than a survival. No single ancient religion is known to have held a goddess in this particular threefold form. Individual triads of goddesses certainly existed, and so did goddesses with three names or three faces, but the specific Maiden, Mother and Crone arrangement matched to lunar phase is not one of them.
Saying so is not a criticism of the practice. A tradition can be recent and still be a religion, and Wiccans who know the history continue to use the aspects because they work as ritual and psychological categories. What the atlas will not do is repeat the older claim that the scheme is ancient, because the evidence does not support it.