The text was transmitted under the name Dionysius the Areopagite, the Athenian convert of the apostle Paul mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, a claim of apostolic authorship that gave the whole corpus, including the Mystical Theology, enormous authority for most of its transmission history. Modern scholarship has established with strong consensus that the real author was almost certainly a Christian writer active in Syria around the late fifth or early sixth century, working within a milieu heavily influenced by late Neoplatonist philosophy, and drawing on that philosophical framework to develop a distinctively Christian account of how the soul ascends beyond concepts toward God, which is why the author is conventionally referred to today as Pseudo-Dionysius rather than by the original attributed name.
The Mystical Theology reached the medieval Latin West through translation and directly shaped major later works, including the Cloud of Unknowing, whose anonymous author translated a version of this very text into English and built his own teaching on contemplative unknowing explicitly on the foundation Pseudo-Dionysius had laid centuries earlier. The wider Dionysian corpus also includes The Celestial Hierarchy and The Divine Names, both shaping later medieval angelology and theology alongside this shorter, more concentrated text.