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A Name Attached to a Manuscript, Not a Certain Author

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A Name Attached to a Manuscript, Not a Certain Author

Harley MS 6482 in the British Library carries a title crediting its contents to Thomas Rudd, and later cataloguing and modern editions have followed that title in calling the whole manuscript tradition the Goetia of Dr Rudd. What the manuscript actually contains is a version of the seventy-two spirits of the Ars Goetia, each set against an angel of the Shem ha-Mephorash holding the same numbered position, a scheme found nowhere in the Ars Goetia itself.

Whether Rudd wrote it is a separate question from whether his name belongs on it. The surviving witnesses, Harley 6482 and 6483, Sloane 3824 and Wellcome 3203, are compilations rather than a single authored composition, no manuscript names its own compiler with certainty, and the material bears the marks of copying and recopying across at least one seventeenth century generation. A title page crediting a known figure was one of the period's ordinary ways of lending a compilation authority, whether or not that figure had a hand in it.

The man the title names was real: an English mathematician and military engineer working in the first half of the seventeenth century, in a period when mathematics, surveying, astrology and ceremonial magic were not kept in separate rooms. That biography is not in dispute. What is in dispute is the narrower claim, that this particular pairing of demon against angel was his own arrangement rather than a name later copyists borrowed. The atlas records the pairing under his name because that is how the tradition transmits it, and records the doubt in the same breath, because the doubt is part of what is actually known.

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