Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Deities

The Apas

Also Known As Apas (Sanskrit) · The Waters (Sanskrit) · Apah (Sanskrit)
Hindu Deities

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The Apas are the waters addressed as goddesses. The Rigveda calls them mothers, asks them for medicine and treats them as what carries defilement away, and the hymns to them are among the shortest and most practical in the collection. They are never named singly and none of them has a story. They preside over Purva Ashadha in the lunar mansion scheme, and the ritual use of water they stand behind has never lapsed.

History & Origin

The Apas are addressed collectively in the Rigveda's Apri hymns as mothers of the created world and are invoked in the Apo hymn, RV 10.9, still recited today in the daily Sandhyavandanam ritual performed by observant Brahmins as a purificatory water offering.

Facts
Attestation
Era of Attestation
c. 1500 BCE (Rigveda) to the present 1
Veneration Today
Actively venerated in a living tradition 4
Veneration Status Detail
Living. Sipping, bathing before worship, the water offering in the cupped hands and immersion at a river all descend directly from these hymns. 4
Meaning in the Attesting Source
The waters. An ordinary plural noun used as a divine name. 1
Historicity
Not a historical person: a divine or other-than-human being 3
Sources
Textual Note
Never singular. The Apas are addressed only in the plural, no member of the class is named, and no story is attached to them. 1Tradition: Vedic Hinduism
Belief
Theology
Debated 3
Origins
Origin of the Name
The name Apas means the waters themselves, addressed collectively as goddesses in the Rigveda. 2
Cult
Attributes and Iconography
The Apas have no anthropomorphic iconography of their own; unlike most Vedic deities later given temple images, the waters remain addressed collectively and abstractly throughout their long history, honored through the water itself in ritual rather than through any statue or painted form. 1
Worship and Practice
The Apas are invoked in the Vedic Apri hymns and in purificatory rites using water, including the aponaptriya offerings, reflecting their identity as personified sacred waters central to Vedic ablution and purification ritual. 2
Function
Domain / Function
Water 1Tradition: Vedic Hinduism
Domain Detail
The waters as goddesses 1Tradition: Vedic Hinduism
Attributions
Mythic Association
Asked for medicine and for the removal of the false oath, the curse and the offence against a friend. 2Tradition: Vedic Hinduism
Identity
Gender
Female 1
Position Profile
Key Text
The Rigveda addresses the Apas as mothers and healers who purify and grant long life, and later Vedic ritual, described in the Hindu Samskaras, called on them by name during the sacred thread ceremony and other rites of passage where water was used to cleanse and bless the participant. 4
Learn More
Mothers, and What They Carry Away

The waters are goddesses in the Rigveda and they are addressed in the plural, always. The hymns to them are short, and what they ask for is not abstract: the waters are asked for a share of their pleasantness, for medicine, for long sight, for the removal of whatever the speaker has done wrong. Two ideas run through them and neither has been improved on since. The waters are mothers, meaning that everything comes out of them and that they are the first thing that was there. And the waters carry, meaning that what is put into them goes away.

The second idea is the one that made the whole of the later ritual system possible. A defilement, in this way of thinking, is not a state of mind and not a legal condition. It is a thing on a person, and a thing on a person can be moved onto something else and taken off downstream. That is why the waters are asked to remove the false oath, the curse, the offence against a friend, and it is why washing is a religious act rather than a hygienic preliminary to one.

They keep good company. Varuna, whose business is the moral order and the bonds it imposes, dwells in the waters. Agni has a form called the child of the waters, fire inside them, which is a paradox the poets enjoy rather than resolve. Soma is pressed and mixed with them. The waters are not a department of the pantheon so much as the medium the rest of it works in, which is a status hard to hold and hard to lose, and they never lost it.

A Class That Never Became a Person

Almost every Vedic power that survived into the later tradition did so by acquiring a person. Rudra became Shiva. A river became Ganga, with a face, a mount, a descent from heaven and a temple. The Apas did none of this. They stayed a plural, they were never named individually, and no story was ever attached to them. In a mythology that personifies with enthusiasm, that is worth noticing, and it is not because they were unimportant.

The likeliest reason is that they were never allowed to stop being the thing itself. Ganga is a particular river, and a particular river can be given a biography without disturbing what water does. The Apas are water, all of it, in the pot and in the sea and in the rain and in the body, and the moment they became a lady with a mount they would have stopped covering the case the priest actually needed covered, which is the water in front of him. So they remained grammatically plural and religiously general.

The result is a strange kind of survival. The least personified members of the Vedic pantheon are the ones whose cult never stopped for a day. Sipping water before a rite, bathing before worship, the offering of water in the hollow of the hands to gods and to ancestors, immersion at a river, and the water poured at the end of a gift are continuous, ordinary and universal, and every one of them descends directly from what these hymns are doing. The jyotisha tradition, giving them the twentieth mansion, is the only place they are treated as characters at all, and even there they arrive as a plural.

Correspondences & Relations

Pantheons

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Named as the presiding deity of the lunar mansion Purva Ashadha.

Source History of Dharmasastra, Volume VP. V. Kane
Varuna, Deities

Varuna is said to dwell in the waters, and the moral order he guards is bound up with what they carry away.

Source Vedic MythologyArthur Anthony Macdonell

Belongs to Tradition

Hinduism, Religions

The water rites that descend from these hymns are universal in Hindu practice.

Originated In

Attested in the Rigveda.

Source Vedic MythologyArthur Anthony Macdonell

Related To

Ganga, Deities

Ganga is what happened to one river when the tradition gave it a person. The Apas are the case that never did.

Source Vedic MythologyArthur Anthony Macdonell

Worshipped In

Sources
1. Vedic Mythology
Arthur Anthony Macdonell, Karl J. Trubner, Strassburg, 1897View the Source
2. The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India
Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton, Oxford University Press, 2014View the Source
3. An Introduction to Hinduism
Gavin Flood, Cambridge University Press, 1996View the Source
4. Hindu Samskaras: Socio-Religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments
Rajbali Pandey, Motilal Banarsidass, 1969View the Source
History of Dharmasastra, Volume V
P. V. Kane, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1958View the Source
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