Breakthrough, Line 2

The second line of Breakthrough (King Wen 43) is drawn as yang, the numeral nine in the old divination manuals. James Legge's translation renders the line as full of apprehension and calling out, hostile measures may come by night but there is no cause for anxiety. The image sits inside a hexagram whose judgment as a whole concerns the culprit's guilt exhibited at the royal court, with sincere and earnest appeal, and a consciousness of the peril in cutting the criminal off, and this line supplies one stage of that larger reading rather than a complete statement on its own.

Structurally the line stands at the middle place of the lower trigram Qian, heaven in Legge's readings of the eight trigrams, while the upper trigram of the hexagram is Dui, lake in the same traditional set of images. The Great Symbolism of the hexagram reads the waters of a marsh mounted above heaven; the superior man bestows his gifts on those below rather than letting them accumulate unused, and the second line takes its place inside that combined picture of Qian below and Dui above.

Read on its own the line neither opens nor closes the hexagram's argument. It marks the point where Qian is either forming (in the lower trigram) or completing itself (in the upper), and later interpreters treat its image, Full of Apprehension and Calling Out, as the concrete case through which the hexagram's abstract judgment becomes visible in a single situation rather than a general principle.

As a divinatory line, nine at the second place of Breakthrough reads within the hexagram's overall concern with the culprit's guilt exhibited at the royal court, with sincere and earnest appeal, and a consciousness of the peril in cutting the criminal off. The line occupies a place that does not match its own nature in the classical doctrine that odd places favour a firm, yang line and even places favour a yielding, yin line. It is also one of the two central lines of the hexagram, the place classical reading treats as the most balanced regardless of the line's own character. Its own text, that full of apprehension and calling out, hostile measures may come by night but there is no cause for anxiety, is the particular fortune assigned to this one stage of the situation, not to the hexagram as a whole.

The second line corresponds by classical convention with the fifth line, and the two do not correspond here, since both lines share the same character. Read together with the trigram it belongs to, Qian in the lower position of the figure, the line marks the situation settling into its own character, still wholly inside the lower trigram, one stage in the six stage movement the hexagram traces from its first line to its last.

A change at this line, from yang to its opposite, is the mechanism the tradition uses to move from one hexagram to another. Flipping the second line of Breakthrough turns Qian into Li while the other trigram, Dui, stays as it is, which yields Breakthrough's changing partner, Revolution (King Wen 49), the hexagram this line is recorded as transforming into.