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Region

China

Also Known As Chinese
East Asia and Central Asia

The East Asian heartland along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, taken here at roughly the extent of the modern Chinese state. Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese Folk Religion are placed here. The boundary problem is one of export rather than origin: Confucianism shaped Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese society so deeply that treating it as Chinese describes where it began and not where it lived, and Chinese Buddhism, which the region equally produced, is filed to the subcontinent because that is where its founder taught. Origin and extent pull in different directions throughout this scheme.

Facts
Geography
Latitude
35.9 degrees north 1
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a large or historical region has no formal center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a precise boundary claim.
Longitude
104.2 degrees east 1
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a large or historical region has no formal center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a precise boundary claim.
Modern Area
China 1
Traditions
Principal Religious Traditions
Chinese Buddhism 2
Principal Religious Traditions
Confucianism 2
Principal Religious Traditions
Daoism 2
Sacred and Liturgical Languages
Classical (Literary) Chinese 3
Learn More
The Land of the Three Teachings

China, the vast civilization of the Yellow and Yangtze river basins, developed a religious culture unlike the exclusive monotheisms of the West, organized around the idea that a person could draw on three teachings (san jiao) at once: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Rather than demanding sole allegiance, these functioned as complementary resources, Confucianism ordering social ethics, family, and the state; Taoism addressing nature, longevity, ritual, and the individual's harmony with the Dao; Buddhism, arriving from India in the first centuries CE and thoroughly sinicized, answering questions of suffering, death, and salvation.

Beneath and around all three ran the enormously durable substratum of Chinese folk religion, the veneration of ancestors, the worship of local and household gods, the placation of ghosts, and the vast apparatus of temples, festivals, and geomancy that governed everyday life. Over this whole field presided, for most of imperial history, the state cult of Heaven (Tian) and the emperor as the "Son of Heaven," ruling by the Mandate of Heaven that could be lost through misgovernment. The distinctive feature of Chinese religion is this pluralism and its embeddedness in family and state: one worshipped at the Buddhist temple, honoured Confucian propriety, consulted a Taoist priest, and tended the ancestors, without any sense of contradiction, a religious ecology exported, with local transformations, across Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

The Advantage of a State That Kept Records

China offers the longest continuous written record of any religious culture on earth, and that fact shapes everything the atlas can say about it.

It begins with divination. The Shang oracle bones, recognised for what they were only in 1899 and excavated at Anyang thereafter, are the working records of a royal divination bureau: the question put, the cracks read, and often the outcome. They are religious documents that survived because they were administrative ones. From there the record runs more or less unbroken through dynastic histories, ritual manuals, the Daoist canon and a Buddhist canon that was being printed while Europe was still copying by hand.

The distortion runs the same way as the advantage. This is the record of a literate class attached to a state, and it reports what that class cared about. Popular religion appears in it most clearly when the state was suppressing it, so a great deal of what is known about village cults, spirit mediums and millenarian societies comes from documents written to justify their prohibition.

Two further complications sit on top. Buddhism arrived as a foreign import and was argued about in exactly those terms for centuries, so texts about it are frequently polemics. And the twentieth century brought deliberate campaigns against religious practice, so the modern ethnographic record has a hole in it, and reconstruction after 1980 is itself now a subject of study.

China
Filter Results2 entries
Connections

Associated With

The Min runs through Sichuan.

The campaign ran across China.

The river's shifts of course have redrawn the map of the north China plain repeatedly within recorded history.

Source The Yellow River: The Problem of Water in Modern ChinaDavid A. Pietz

Attested Here

The Zhuangzi butterfly dream is the source of the image in East Asia, and the butterfly reads as transformation and as conjugal love.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg

Classical Chinese is documented in use as a written language in China. The claim is where the language is documented in use as a written, literary or liturgical language. It is not a claim about the full extent of its speakers, and it is not a claim about where the language originated.

Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)

The long is a bringer of rain and an emblem of the emperor, and is not the adversary of the European figure.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg

The manuscripts and the commentarial tradition are Chinese throughout.

Fox, Animals & Totems

The huli jing, the fox spirit that takes human form, older than its Japanese descendant.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg
Source Chinese Mythology: An IntroductionAnne Birrell

Standard Chinese, based on Mandarin, is the official language of China.

Source Mandarin Chinese (Wikipedia)

Sun Wukong, the monkey who storms heaven and is put under a mountain for it.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg
Ox, Animals & Totems

The ox of the spring ceremony, and the ox-herding pictures of Chan Buddhism.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg
Pig, Animals & Totems

The twelfth of the zodiac animals, and pork as the ordinary sacrifice of the household.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg

The qilin is a Chinese omen animal whose appearance announces the arrival or the passing of a sage or a just ruler. It is described as a composite, hooved and scaled, with the horns of a deer and a body wreathed in flame.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg

The hare in the moon, pounding the elixir of immortality.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg
Rat, Animals & Totems

First of the twelve, which it reached by riding the ox and jumping off at the finish.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg
Red, Colors

In Chinese custom red is the colour of celebration and good fortune, used for wedding dress, New Year couplets and the money envelope. This is a separate strand from the five-phase attribution of red to Fire and the south, and the two are often run together in Western summaries.

Source A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and ThoughtWolfram Eberhard

Tenth of the twelve, and a bird whose five virtues are listed as a moral lesson.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg

The name is written with characters borrowed from a Chinese celestial dog, so the writing travelled to Japan ahead of the being. The Japanese mountain tengu is not the Chinese creature.

Source The Book of Yokai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese FolkloreMichael Dylan Foster

The Dragon Gate legend of the carp that swims upstream and, on leaping the falls, transforms into a dragon.

Source A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and ThoughtWolfram Eberhard

Chinese folk religion holds the three-legged moon toad, Chan Chu, later the benevolent "money toad" of folk practice.

Source A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and ThoughtWolfram Eberhard

The white tiger of the west, and the tiger as the yang animal set against the dragon.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg

The black tortoise of the north, and the shell that carried the first divination cracks.

Source A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and SeasRichard E. Strassberg
White, Colors

White is the colour of mourning dress in China and across much of East Asia, where European convention uses black. Neither is a corruption of the other: white follows from the Metal phase, the west and autumn, and the European black from an entirely separate history.

Source A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and ThoughtWolfram Eberhard

Contains

The plain is the northern heartland of China.

Modern Area

China, Countries
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

Originated Here

Source Wikipedia, "Black Myth: Wukong"
Cheng Yi, Figures
Source Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist RuleFenggang Yang
Source The Encyclopedia of TaoismFabrizio Pregadio (ed.)
Source Fathoming the Cosmos and Ordering the World: The Yijing (I Ching, or Classic of Changes) and Its Evolution in ChinaRichard J. Smith
Source Secrets of the Fallen Pagoda: The Famen Temple and Tang Court CultureEugene Y. Wang, Tansen Sen, Wang Shen, Alan Chong, Kan Shuyi, Pedro Moura Carvalho, Libby Lai-Pik Chan and Conan Cheong
Source Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian)Sima Qian
Source Figure of Guan Yu, a guardian deity, accession 63.213.11 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Source Daoism HandbookLivia Kohn (ed.)
Gongde, Rituals
Source Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and HistoryJohn Lagerwey
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Source Neo-Confucianism in HistoryPeter K. Bol
Han Chinese, Cultures

China is the Han homeland, from the Yellow River plain outward.

Source The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.)
Source Daoism HandbookLivia Kohn (ed.)
Source Chinese Mythology: An IntroductionAnne Birrell
Jiao, Rituals
Source Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and HistoryJohn Lagerwey
Jokhang, Sacred Sites
Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.
Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.
Source Lingguang Temple and the Buddha Tooth Relic Pagoda, Badachuthe holders' own account
Source UNESCO World Heritage ListUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Source UNESCO World Heritage ListUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

The article states that Mandarin originated in North China.

Source Mandarin Chinese (Wikipedia)
Source Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching: A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at GuodianRobert G. Henricks
Source UNESCO World Heritage ListUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Source Donner and Stevenson, The Great Calming and Contemplation (University of Hawaii Press, 1993)Neal Donner and Daniel B. Stevenson
Mooncake, Sacred Foods
Source Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observances during the Han DynastyDerk Bodde
Source UNESCO World Heritage ListUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Source Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in ChinaSusan Naquin and Chun-fang Yu (eds)
Source Power of Place: The Religious Landscape of the Southern Sacred Peak (Nanyue) in Medieval ChinaJames Robson
Source The Encyclopedia of TaoismFabrizio Pregadio (ed.)
Source Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in ChinaSusan Naquin and Chun-fang Yu (eds)
Source Kailas Histories: Renunciate Traditions and the Construction of Himalayan Sacred GeographyAlex McKay
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Source Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in ChinaSusan Naquin and Chun-fang Yu (eds)
Source Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in ChinaSusan Naquin and Chun-fang Yu (eds)
Source Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in ChinaSusan Naquin and Chun-fang Yu (eds)
Source Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in ChinaSusan Naquin and Chun-fang Yu (eds)
Source Seeing Through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan BuddhismJohn R. McRae
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Source Chinese Mythology: An IntroductionAnne Birrell
Source Chinese Mythology: An IntroductionAnne Birrell
Source UNESCO World Heritage ListUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.
Source UNESCO World Heritage ListUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Source The Texts of Taoism, Part I (Sacred Books of the East, vol. 39)James Legge
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

The Shang kings ruled the Yellow River valley in northern China, with their best known and last capital at Anyang in modern Henan province.

Source Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age ChinaDavid N. Keightley
Shaolin, Sacred Sites
Source The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial ArtsMeir Shahar
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source A Mission to Heaven: A Great Chinese Epic and AllegoryWu Cheng'en (attributed); abridged and translated by Timothy Richard
Source Zhouli (The Rites of Zhou)Anonymous
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Source UNESCO World Heritage ListUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Sources of Chinese Tradition, Volume 1Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom (eds)
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

The Warring States saw seven rival Chinese states, Qin, Chu, Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, contest control of the former Zhou realm.

Source The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Wu Xing, Disciplines
Source The Encyclopedia of TaoismFabrizio Pregadio (ed.)
Source Confucianism and Family Rituals in Imperial China: A Social History of Writing about RitesPatricia Buckley Ebrey
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Source Neo-Confucianism in HistoryPeter K. Bol
Source UNESCO World Heritage ListUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Source Seeing Through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan BuddhismJohn R. McRae
Zen, Denominations
Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.
Source Zhen'gao (Declarations of the Perfected)Tao Hongjing
Source Zhong Kui, accession 1986.267.270 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Zongzi, Sacred Foods
Source Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observances during the Han DynastyDerk Bodde

Plants Native Here

Chrysanthemum, Plants

The wild chrysanthemums are native to eastern Asia and north-eastern Europe, with China as the centre of the genus and of its breeding.

Source Plants of the World OnlineRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Source Fathoming the Cosmos and Ordering the World: The Yijing (I Ching, or Classic of Changes) and Its Evolution in ChinaRichard J. Smith
Crape Myrtle, Plants

The eastern part of the range of Lagerstroemia takes in China, where the tree was planted by palaces, temples and halls of learning.

Source Plants of the World OnlineRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Source Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian)Sima Qian
Source Daoism HandbookLivia Kohn (ed.)
Gongde, Rituals
Source Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and HistoryJohn Lagerwey
Jiao, Rituals
Source Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and HistoryJohn Lagerwey
Peach Blossom, Plants

Prunus persica is native to north-western China, notwithstanding the Latin name that made it Persian.

Source Plants of the World OnlineRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Source Zhouli (The Rites of Zhou)Anonymous
Source Confucianism and Family Rituals in Imperial China: A Social History of Writing about RitesPatricia Buckley Ebrey

Plants Used in Ritual Here

Datura, Plants
Source A Modern HerbalMaud Grieve
Ephedra, Plants
Source The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its ApplicationsChristian Ratsch

Regions Where This Is Principal

Buddhism, Religions
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Taoism, Religions

Related To

East Asia, Regions

China is the source of the written language and the state ritual tradition that define the East Asian sphere.

Sky Figures Read Here

The Bushel of the northern Chinese sky.

Source Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the EarthJoseph Needham

The third enclosure of the traditional Chinese sky.

Source Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the EarthJoseph Needham

The circumpolar enclosure of the traditional Chinese sky.

Source Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the EarthJoseph Needham

The second enclosure of the traditional Chinese sky.

Source Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the EarthJoseph Needham

Societies Attested Here

Sources
1. Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024
  • s.v. regional geography
  • Modern Area: China, Stored modern-area property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Mount Longhu, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: White Cloud Temple, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Tsurphu Monastery, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Niujie Mosque, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Yonghegong, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Tashilhunpo Monastery, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Great Wild Goose Pagoda, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Songyue Pagoda, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Samye Monastery, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China (Tibet Autonomous Region)
  • Originated Here: Naxi Dongba Religion, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: The Lijiang region of Yunnan Province, China, homeland of the Naxi people.
View the Source
2. Encyclopedia of Religion
Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005
  • The geography of religions
    General reference for the extent of each region and for the traditions placed within it.
  • Originated Here: Temple of Heaven, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
View the Source
3. The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
John Bowker (ed.), Oxford University Press, 1997Chinese religionView the Source
The Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition
Oxford University Press, Oxford University Pressdemonym / adjectival formView the Source
A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought
Wolfram Eberhard, Routledge, 1986
  • Attested Here: The Toad
  • Attested Here: The Carp
View the Source
Mandarin Chinese (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Attested Here: Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, lead paragraph
    Today, Standard Chinese is the official language of China and Taiwan
  • Originated Here: Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, spread
    Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin varieties are found north of the Yangtze River, the group is sometimes referred to as Northern Chinese.
View the Source
Fathoming the Cosmos and Ordering the World: The Yijing (I Ching, or Classic of Changes) and Its Evolution in China
Richard J. Smith, University of Virginia Press, 2008
  • Plants Native Here: Consulting the I Ching, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China, in the Zhou dynasty
  • Originated Here: Consulting the I Ching, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China, in the Zhou dynasty
View the Source
Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and History
John Lagerwey, Macmillan, 1987
  • Plants Native Here: Jiao, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Plants Native Here: Gongde, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Jiao, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Gongde, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China
View the Source
Daoism Handbook
Livia Kohn (ed.), Brill, 2000
  • Plants Native Here: Ghost Festival rites, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Ghost Festival rites, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China
Confucianism and Family Rituals in Imperial China: A Social History of Writing about Rites
Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Princeton University Press, 1991
  • Plants Native Here: Wufu Mourning Grades, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Wufu Mourning Grades, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China
View the Source
Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian)
Sima Qian
  • Plants Native Here: Feng and Shan Sacrifices, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Mount Tai, China
  • Originated Here: Feng and Shan Sacrifices, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Mount Tai, China
View the Source
Zhouli (The Rites of Zhou)
Anonymous
  • Plants Native Here: Taimiao Ancestral Sacrifice, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Beijing, China
  • Originated Here: Taimiao Ancestral Sacrifice, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Beijing, China
The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
Robert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr., Princeton University Press, 2014
  • Originated Here: Zen, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China, and then Japan
  • Originated Here: Pure Land, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China, and then Japan
  • Originated Here: Jokhang, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Leshan Giant Buddha, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
View the Source
Kailas Histories: Renunciate Traditions and the Construction of Himalayan Sacred Geography
Alex McKay, Brill, 2015Originated Here: Mount Kailash, Stored region property on this entity, cited to this source: China
UNESCO World Heritage List
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO World Heritage Centre
  • Originated Here: Potala Palace, Stored region property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Mount Emei, Stored region property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Qingcheng Shan, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Temple and Cemetery of Confucius, Qufu, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Longmen Grottoes, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Lingyun Hill, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Mogao Caves, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Yungang Grottoes, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
View the Source
Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China
Susan Naquin and Chun-fang Yu (eds), University of California Press, 1992
  • Originated Here: Mount Wutai, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Mount Jiuhua, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Mount Putuo, Stored region property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Mount Tai, Stored region property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Mount Heng (Beiyue), Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Mount Song, Stored region property on this entity, cited to this source: China
The Encyclopedia of Taoism
Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.), Routledge, 2008
  • Originated Here: Mount Hua, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Wudang Mountains, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Chuzhen Jie (Precepts of Initial Perfection), Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China (Beijing and Nanjing)
View the Source
Power of Place: The Religious Landscape of the Southern Sacred Peak (Nanyue) in Medieval China
James Robson, Harvard University Asia Center, 2009Originated Here: Mount Heng (Nanyue), Stored region property on this entity, cited to this source: ChinaView the Source
The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts
Meir Shahar, University of Hawaii Press, 2008Originated Here: Shaolin, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: ChinaView the Source
Secrets of the Fallen Pagoda: The Famen Temple and Tang Court Culture
Eugene Y. Wang, Tansen Sen, Wang Shen, Alan Chong, Kan Shuyi, Pedro Moura Carvalho, Libby Lai-Pik Chan and Conan Cheong, Asian Civilisations Museum, Singapore, 2014Originated Here: Famen Temple (Famensi), Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
Lingguang Temple and the Buddha Tooth Relic Pagoda, Badachu
Buddhist Association of ChinaOriginated Here: Lingguang Temple (Badachu), Stored region property on this entity, cited to this source: Chinathe holders' own account
Sources of Chinese Tradition, Volume 1
Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom (eds), Columbia University Press, 1999Originated Here: The Forbidden City, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: ChinaView the Source
Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching: A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian
Robert G. Henricks, Columbia University Press, 2000Originated Here: Mawangdui, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
Seeing Through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism
John R. McRae, University of California Press, 2003
  • Originated Here: Yunmen Monastery, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Nanhua Temple (Baolin Temple), Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
View the Source
Neo-Confucianism in History
Peter K. Bol, Harvard University Asia Center, 2008
  • Originated Here: Guozijian (Imperial College), Beijing, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
  • Originated Here: Yuelu Academy, Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: China
Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist Rule
Fenggang Yang, Oxford University Press, 2011Originated Here: Chinese Folk Religion, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China
Figure of Guan Yu, a guardian deity, accession 63.213.11 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Metropolitan Museum of ArtOriginated Here: Figure of Guan Yu, a Guardian Deity (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 63.213.11), Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: ChinaView the Source
Zhong Kui, accession 1986.267.270 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Metropolitan Museum of ArtOriginated Here: Zhong Kui, Hanging Scroll (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.267.270), Stored country property on this entity, cited to this source: ChinaView the Source
Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observances during the Han Dynasty
Derk Bodde, Princeton University Press, 1975
  • Originated Here: Mooncake, Stored origin-region property on this entity, cited to this source: China, tied to the Mid-Autumn Festival's lunar calendar observance.
  • Originated Here: Zongzi, Stored origin-region property on this entity, cited to this source: China
View the Source
Wikipedia, "Black Myth: Wukong"
WikipediaOriginated Here: Black Myth: Wukong, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: ChinaView the Source
Donner and Stevenson, The Great Calming and Contemplation (University of Hawaii Press, 1993)
Neal Donner and Daniel B. Stevenson, University of Hawaii Press (Kuroda Institute, Classics in East Asian Buddhism), 1993Originated Here: Mohe Zhiguan (The Great Calming and Contemplation), Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Yuquan Si (Temple of the Jade Spring), Jingzhou Prefecture, ChinaView the Source
Zhen'gao (Declarations of the Perfected)
Tao HongjingOriginated Here: Zhen'gao (Declarations of the Perfected), Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: China
Chinese Mythology: An Introduction
Anne Birrell, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993Originated Here: Huli Jing, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: ChinaView the Source
The Texts of Taoism, Part I (Sacred Books of the East, vol. 39)
James Legge, Clarendon Press / Internet Sacred Text Archive, 1891Originated Here: Quanzhen (Complete Reality), Opening sentences of the entity description
Quote, Originated Here: Quanzhen (Complete Reality), Opening sentences of the entity description
The Complete Reality or Complete Perfection school, the dominant monastic tradition of Taoism, founded by Wang Chongyang in twelfth-century northern China.
View the Source
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