Human Dignity Trust's Iran country profile documents Iran's Islamic Penal Code, based on Twelver Ja'fari fiqh, the state's official school: liwat is defined as penetrative anal intercourse between men, and Article 234 sets "the hadd punishment for livat" as the death penalty for the receptive party in every case, and for the insertive party where force, coercion or the status of ihsan (marriage to a permanent wife) applies; otherwise one hundred lashes. A related act, tafkhiz, carries one hundred lashes under Article 236, or the death penalty under specified conditions. The profile records enforcement in 2021 and 2022 executions and ongoing prosecutions.
Facts
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Reliability Tier2
An international human rights legal charity whose country profiles cite named penal code articles directly; advocacy-oriented rather than neutral academic scholarship, but its legal citations are independently checkable against the code itself and are used here only for what the code's own articles say, not for the organization's policy view of them. NotesCited for Shia (Twelver)'s detailed position on sexuality: Twelver Ja'fari fiqh as directly codified into Iran's own criminal law, a distinguishing institutional fact the diffuse Sunni-majority world has no parallel for.
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PublisherHuman Dignity Trust
URLhttps://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/iran/
Source TypeInstitutional
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This source names Iran directly: "Human Dignity Trust's Iran country profile documents Iran's Islamic Penal Code, based on Twelver Ja'fari fiqh, the state's official school: liwat is defined as penetrative anal intercourse between..."
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