Home›Sources›Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893-1897SourcesVale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893-1897Robert M. Levine, University of California Press, 1992Citation FormatsGeneral ReferenceGeneral Reference Citation TextDivinity Atlas. "Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893-1897." Accessed August 30, 2026. https://www.divinityatlas.com/sources/levine-vale-of-tears-canudos-massacre.Copy General ReferenceAPA StyleAPA Style Citation TextDivinity Atlas. (n.d.). Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893-1897. Retrieved August 30, 2026, from https://www.divinityatlas.com/sources/levine-vale-of-tears-canudos-massacreCopy APA StyleBibTeXBibTeX Citation Text@misc{divinityatlas-vale-of-tears-revisiting-the-canudos-mas, author = {Divinity Atlas}, title = {Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893-1897}, year = {2026}, url = {https://www.divinityatlas.com/sources/levine-vale-of-tears-canudos-massacre}, note = {Accessed August 30, 2026} }Copy BibTeXRobert M. Levine's revisionist academic study of the destruction of Canudos, the millenarian Catholic settlement in the backlands of Bahia state led by the lay preacher Antonio Conselheiro and destroyed by four Brazilian army expeditions between 1896 and 1897. Levine reworks the widely repeated casualty figures inherited from Euclides da Cunha's contemporary account against archival and demographic evidence, and reexamines the settlement's religious character and the government's escalating framing of it as a monarchist and social threat.FactsSourcesClaims Backed By This Source (28 claims)Comments (0)Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)FactsCitationAuthorWell-attestedRobert M. Levine 1PublisherWell-attestedUniversity of California Press 1Publication YearWell-attested1992 1Source TypeWell-attestedacademic monograph 1AssessmentReliability TierWell-attested1 1A widely cited academic study published by a major university press, built on archival and demographic research that revisits and corrects the casualty figures inherited from a contemporary journalistic account, and treated by later historians as the standard revisionist reference on the episode.Sources1. Divinity Atlas Original Articles, Second Editiontier 1Claims Backed By This Source (28 claims)This source backs 28 claims across the atlas. As facts: 20 well-attested, 2 scholarly debate. As cited relationships: 1 holds, 2 connected. Plus 3 entities citing it as a general reference with no single fact or relationship attached.Disposition By TopicArticles, 14 claims: 10 well-attested, 2 connected, 2 general references.Wars & Conflicts, 14 claims: 10 well-attested, 2 scholarly debate, 1 holds, 1 general references.Well-attested20ArticlesA Faith the Church Disavowed and a State Called a MassacreThe Destruction of Canudos and the Preacher Who Built ItWars & ConflictsCanudos WarScholarly debate2Wars & ConflictsCanudos WarHolds1Wars & ConflictsCanudos WarConnected2ArticlesA Faith the Church Disavowed and a State Called a MassacreThe Destruction of Canudos and the Preacher Who Built ItGeneral References3ArticlesA Faith the Church Disavowed and a State Called a MassacreThe Destruction of Canudos and the Preacher Who Built ItWars & ConflictsCanudos WarComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.View At A Past YearThe atlas records no dated fact of its own for this entry, so there is no other year to choose.Show This Year