Wikipedia's general-reference article on the Spiritualism movement, a continuously edited tertiary source with no fixed publication year, accessed 2026-08-14. Used here for the 1848 founding date and the protective-prayer opening of a circle or service, cross-checked against the article's own citations. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Facts
Assessment
Reliability Tier3
Continuously edited tertiary reference with no named author of record, which is why it sits at tier 3 rather than 1 or 2. Used here only for stable, cross-checkable facts (dates, founders, textual and procedural detail), each checked against the article's own citations, not for contested or interpretive claims. NotesWikipedia's article on the Spiritualism movement, consulted 2026-08-12. A perpetually community-edited reference page rather than a peer-reviewed publication, useful here for the range of settings nineteenth century American Spiritualists met in beyond the home circle itself.
Citation
AuthorWikipedia contributors
PublisherWikipedia
Publication Year2026
URLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)
Source Typereference
Connections
Associated With
This source names Spiritualism directly: "Wikipedia's article on the Spiritualism movement, consulted 2026-08-12."
Source Spiritualism (movement) (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Claims Backed By This Source (17 claims)
This source backs 17 claims across the atlas. As facts: 14 well-attested. As cited relationships: 1 holds. Plus 2 entities citing it as a general reference with no single fact or relationship attached.
Disposition By Topic
- Sources, 9 claims: 8 well-attested, 1 holds.
- Prayers, 5 claims: 4 well-attested, 1 general references.
- Practices, 3 claims: 2 well-attested, 1 general references.
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