Adinkra Symbols
Dwennimmen
Citation Formats
General Reference
APA Style
BibTeX
Dwennimmen, "ram's horns," shows two horns curved back to back around a shared center. The proverb attached to it observes that even though the ram is strong, it submits to slaughter, meaning that true strength does not preclude humility, and that wisdom and strength gained through experience should still bow to a higher discipline. It is a common motif on chiefs' regalia and on cloth given to leaders as a reminder that authority is meant to be tempered rather than absolute.
Facts
Origins
Place of OriginThe Akan-speaking region of West Africa, chiefly the Asante and Gyaman kingdoms in what is now Ghana and eastern Ivory Coast 2 Place of OriginThe stamping of adinkra cloth centres on Ntonso and the towns north of Kumasi, where each symbol is cut into a calabash stamp and printed with a dye boiled from tree bark and iron slag 1 Meaning
Literal Meaning Contested Use
Contested or Appropriated Modern UseAdinkra symbols are reproduced worldwide on goods made outside Ghana and outside the Akan tradition, where the proverb the symbol carries is usually not reproduced with it. The hand-stamped cloth trade at Ntonso now competes with screen-printed imitations of its own designs. 1 Partially Attested
Famous SayingEnglish (no Twi original located): It is the heart and not the horns that leads a ram to bully. 1 Consistent English wording across several sources tracing to Willis, but no Twi original text was located, unusual for a symbol this well documented. Learn More
Dwennimmen: Two Horns, One Ram
Dwennimmen, literally ram's horns, is drawn as two curled horns joined at their base, belonging to a single animal rather than to two facing rams as the design's paired curls might first suggest, a reading Willis is explicit about correcting since the joined-base structure is the detail carrying the symbol's whole meaning. A ram fights with force when provoked but is also, in Akan proverbial tradition, understood as a humble animal despite its evident strength, submitting readily where submission is due; Dwennimmen's proverb accordingly reads strength and humility together as a single, non-contradictory ideal, the capacity for real force paired with the self-restraint and humility not to deploy it needlessly.
Willis places this pairing among the more explicitly ethical of the sixty core symbols, less a description of a natural or social fact than a stated standard of conduct a wearer or the community around the wearer is meant to be reminded of. The ram, dwennini in Akan, also carries broader associations with masculine strength and leadership in Akan proverbial speech beyond this one symbol, and Willis notes several other sayings involving rams circulate alongside the Adinkra corpus without all of them having a dedicated cloth stamp of their own, Dwennimmen being the ram-derived saying that did acquire one.
Strength Paired With Restraint, On Cloth For Those Who Hold Power
Because it states a leadership virtue rather than a purely personal one, Dwennimmen recurs on cloth associated with chiefs and other figures holding real coercive authority, where the combination it names, power that could be exercised paired with the humility not to overreach, speaks directly to the ethics of holding office among the Akan; Willis records its use alongside Adinkrahene in some chieftaincy-associated cloth programmes, though the two symbols carry distinct meanings and are not interchangeable. It is also worn more broadly at funerals and other occasions where a reminder toward humble strength is thought fitting, following the general pattern by which an originally leadership-coded Adinkra symbol widens into everyday devotional and commemorative use over time, the same broadening Willis documents, to varying degrees, across several of the corpus's more overtly ethical designs rather than treating Dwennimmen as an isolated case.
Willis notes the joined double-horn design of Dwennimmen is sometimes rendered with the two curls closer together or further apart depending on the carver, a stylistic range that does not affect the reading of the two horns as belonging to one ram rather than two separate animals, the detail Willis treats as essential to the symbol's meaning.
Cross-Tradition Connections
Associated With
Akan, Cultures Dwennimmen, ram's horns curved back to back, teaches that true strength still submits to humility and discipline.
The proverb holds that even a strong ram submits to slaughter, so strength should still bow to humility and discipline.
Originated In
Related To
Dwennimmen is drawn as two ram's horns, the animal whose submission to slaughter despite its strength grounds the symbol's proverb.
Sources
Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)
No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.
Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.
View At A Past Year
The atlas records no dated fact of its own for this entry, so there is no other year to choose.