Panchaloha, the Five-Metal Alloy

Panchaloha combines the Sanskrit pancha, five, with loha, metal, and names an alloy prescribed in Hindu Shilpa Shastra and temple Agama texts for casting deity images and ritual implements. Which five metals a given text names varies by region and school; the most commonly cited set is gold, silver, copper, and either zinc or iron alongside either lead or tin, and different Agamas do not fully agree with one another on the list. In practice, most surviving temple bronzes cast under the panchaloha name, including the celebrated Chola-period images of Nataraja and other deities from South India, are predominantly copper-tin bronze, with the remaining named metals present in small or largely symbolic quantities rather than in equal fifths.

The alloy is tied specifically to the lost-wax casting tradition of South Indian bronze work, a craft lineage that produced some of the most technically accomplished devotional sculpture in the subcontinent and that continues today among hereditary sthapati sculptor families working to the same Shilpa Shastra proportions.