Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Deities

Tara (Mahavidya)

Also Known As Ugra Tara (Sanskrit) · Ekajata (Sanskrit) · Nila Sarasvati (Sanskrit) · Hindu Tara (Sanskrit)
Hindu Deities

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Tara is the second of the ten Mahavidyas, and she is not the Buddhist Tara, though the two share a name and a good deal of iconography. The Hindu Tara is dark blue, stands on a corpse in the cremation ground, wears a tiger skin and a garland of severed heads, and holds a knife and a skull cup with her tongue protruding, so close to Kali that texts and images distinguish them by small details. Her great seat is Tarapith in Bengal, a cremation ground shrine associated with the nineteenth century ascetic Bamakhepa. She is also called Ugra Tara, the fierce Tara, Ekajata, and Nila Sarasvati, the blue Sarasvati. Most scholarship holds that the Hindu Tara took her name and much of her form from Buddhist sources rather than the reverse, which makes her the clearest case of traffic between the two tantric traditions, and the direction of the borrowing is still argued.

Facts
Identity
Gender
Female 2
Sources
Textual Note
Tara is counted second among the ten Mahavidyas of the Shakta tantric tradition, a group academic accounts describe as embodying different aspects of the divine feminine's wisdom rather than as a sequence ranked by power. 2
Disputed
Origin of the Name
Most scholarship holds the Hindu Tara took her name and much of her form from Buddhist sources rather than the reverse, though the direction of borrowing is still argued. 1
Most scholarship holds that the Hindu Tara took her name and much of her form from Buddhist sources rather than the reverse, which makes her the clearest case of traffic between the two tantric traditions, though the direction of the borrowing is still argued by specialists.
Scholarly Standing Detail
Most scholarship holds that the Hindu tantric Tara took her name and much of her iconographic form from Buddhist sources rather than the reverse, making her among the clearest documented cases of borrowing between the two tantric traditions, though the exact direction and mechanism of that borrowing, and whether it happened once or through repeated exchange, is still argued among specialists. 2
Function
Domain / Function
Death Underworld 1
Attestation
Veneration Today
Actively venerated in a living tradition 3
Meaning in the Attesting Source
She who ferries across, or the star 2Tradition: Shakta Tantra
Historicity
Legendary: known from narrative tradition, not the historical record 2
Cult
Principal Cult Centre
Tarapith in West Bengal, built around a cremation ground associated with her worship, is her principal pilgrimage centre. 2
Attributes and Iconography
As a Mahavidya, Tara is shown standing on a corpse, blue skinned, garlanded with skulls, wielding a sword and a pair of scissors, closely tied to cremation ground imagery. 2
Worship and Practice
At Tarapith, tantric worship of Tara has historically included shava sadhana, meditation performed while seated upon a corpse in the cremation ground, a practice ascetics such as Bamakhepa were famed for and which tantric texts treat as a direct confrontation with death meant to dissolve the practitioner's fear of it. 2
Attributions
Mythic Association
The second Mahavidya, this Tara shares her name with the Buddhist goddess Tara only in name; within the Hindu Mahavidya cycle she is invoked for protection and for overcoming fear, including the fear of death. 2
Belief
Theology
Monistic: one ultimate reality behind all appearance 1
History
Historical Note
As the second of the ten Mahavidyas, this Tantric Tara is distinguished from the more widely known Buddhist Tara by fierce iconography, typically shown standing on a corpse or on Shiva, garlanded with skulls and holding a pair of scissors, and Hindu Tantric literature frames her explicitly as a more terrifying counterpart drawing on, yet reinterpreting, the gentler Buddhist figure of the same name. 2
Position Profile
Key Text
As the second of the ten Mahavidyas, Tara is often depicted standing on the corpse of Shiva in a cremation ground, garlanded with skulls and holding a pair of scissors, an iconography tantric tradition reads as embodying the fierce compassion needed to cut through ignorance and the fear of death itself. 2
Learn More
Not the Buddhist Tara

The Hindu Tara, second of the ten Mahavidyas, shares a name with the Buddhist Tara and very little else in temperament. She is dark blue, short and pot-bellied, standing in the pratyalidha posture on a corpse in a cremation ground, wearing a tiger skin and a garland of severed heads, with a snake for a sacred thread, her tongue protruding and her matted hair topped by a small blue image of the buddha Akshobhya. She holds a knife or scissors, a skull cup, a lotus and a sword.

She stands so close to Kali that texts and images have to distinguish them by detail: the colour, the tiger skin, the pot belly, the Akshobhya in the hair. Her names include Ugra Tara, the fierce Tara; Ekajata, the one with a single matted lock; and Nila Sarasvati, the blue Sarasvati, which pulls the goddess of speech into the cremation ground much as Matangi is pulled to the edge of the settlement.

The Buddhist Tara is something else. She is the goddess who saves from the eight great fears, green or white, seated with one foot extended in readiness to rise, and addressed in a mantra recited daily across the Tibetan world. Both are called Tara, both are called mother, and newcomers to either tradition conflate them constantly, which is why the atlas holds the two as separate entries.

Tarapith, Bamakhepa and the Direction of the Borrowing

Her great seat is Tarapith in Birbhum district, West Bengal, a temple beside a cremation ground on the Dwarka river. What draws practitioners there is the smashan itself, where ascetics keep fires and perform practices that most temples would not permit on their grounds, and the site is inseparable from Bamakhepa, the nineteenth century ascetic who lived there, was known for behaviour that ignored ordinary decorum, and is venerated alongside the goddess. A subsidiary account has the goddess appear as a mother nursing Shiva after he drank the poison churned from the ocean, which gives an unexpectedly maternal reading of a fierce image, and it is depicted at the temple.

The relationship between the two Taras is a live scholarly question rather than a settled one. The mainstream position holds that the Hindu Tara took her name and much of her form from Buddhist sources: her attestation in Buddhist material is earlier, the Akshobhya in her hair is a straightforwardly Buddhist element, and the Hindu tantras themselves preserve an account in which the sage Vasishtha is sent to Mahachina to learn her worship from the Buddha, which reads as the tradition acknowledging an import. Others argue for a shared eastern Indian tantric environment with traffic running both ways. The atlas records this as debated and names the camps rather than choosing.

Correspondences & Relations

Pantheons

Cross-Tradition Connections

Belongs to Tradition

Counted as the second of the ten Mahavidyas, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

Depicted In

Not Equivalent To

Tara, Deities

The Hindu Tara of the Mahavidyas and the Buddhist Tara are two goddesses who share a name.

Related To

Kali, Deities

Tara and Kali are so alike in form that the texts separate them on small details, and the two head every version of the list.

Sibling Of

Bagalamukhi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the eighth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the second of the ten Mahavidyas.

Bagalamukhi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the second of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the eighth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Bhairavi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the fifth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the second of the ten Mahavidyas.

Bhairavi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the second of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the fifth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Bhuvaneshvari, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the fourth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the second of the ten Mahavidyas.

Bhuvaneshvari, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the second of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the fourth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Chhinnamasta, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the second of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the sixth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Chhinnamasta, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the sixth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the second of the ten Mahavidyas.

Dhumavati, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the second of the ten Mahavidyas.

Dhumavati, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the second of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas.

Kali, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the first of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the second of the ten Mahavidyas.

Kali, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the second of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the first of the ten Mahavidyas.

Kamala, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the tenth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the second of the ten Mahavidyas.

Kamala, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the second of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the tenth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the third of the ten Mahavidyas, listed as Shodashi or Tripura Sundari and the other is the second of the ten Mahavidyas.

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the second of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the third of the ten Mahavidyas, listed as Shodashi or Tripura Sundari.

Matangi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the ninth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the second of the ten Mahavidyas.

Matangi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the second of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the ninth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Worshipped In

Sources
1. Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition
David R. Kinsley, University of California Press, 1988cited for the Learn More articles on this pageView the Source
2. Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas
David R. Kinsley, University of California Press, 1997The Ten MahavidyasView the Source
3. Encyclopedia of Hinduism
Denise Cush, Catherine Robinson and Michael York (eds.), Routledge, 2008View the Source

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