Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Denominations

Shaktism

Hinduism

Citation Formats

General Reference

APA Style

BibTeX

Origin 400 to 600 CE

A major tradition of Hinduism that venerates the Goddess, Devi or Shakti, as the supreme divine power, the dynamic energy that creates, sustains, and dissolves the universe and the Mother of all. Where other schools see the feminine as consort, Shaktism makes her ultimate, the very power without which even the great gods are inert. She is worshipped in many forms, gentle and terrible alike, as Durga the slayer of demons, the dark and liberating Kali, Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati, and the group of Mahavidyas. Closely bound to Tantra, its practice includes mantra, yantra, and ritual, sometimes of a transgressive left-hand kind, aimed at rousing the divine energy within, and it is celebrated in great festivals such as Navaratri and Durga Puja and in texts like the Devi Mahatmya. Interwoven with Shaivism and strong in Bengal and the south, Shaktism gives the feminine divine the highest place in Hinduism.

Facts
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
The Goddess as the supreme reality 1Tradition: Hinduism
Organisation
Governance
Authority in a living teacher and their succession 1
Governance
No central authority 1
Ordination
Office passes by descent 1
Ordination
Authority conferred by initiation rather than by ordination 1
Shakta and tantric lineages transmit by initiation (diksha) rather than by temple office, and several initiate women as gurus.
Status
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 1
History
Separation or Divergence
A devotional orientation within Hinduism, overlapping in practice with Shaivism 1
Separation or Divergence
No schism 1
Structure
Traditional Count
Ten Mahavidyas, the ten great wisdoms 3Tradition: Shakta Tantra
The set is fixed at ten and the membership is not. Kali and Tara head every list; the remaining eight vary between the Mahabhagavata Purana, the Todala Tantra, the Mundamala Tantra and later compilations, and some lists substitute forms of the same goddess for one another. The atlas records the list that is standard in the Bengal and north Indian traditions and in the scholarship, and the variation itself rather than presenting one list as settled.
Origins
Origin Period
400 to 600 CE 1
Place of Origin
The Indian subcontinent, with major centres in Bengal, Assam and the Tamil country 1
Founder
No founder. 1
Practice
Liturgical Language
Sanskrit 1
Practice StatusSourced to the subject's own account
Shaktism's devotional worship of the Goddess is publicly documented and widely practised, but its Tantric current includes ritual practices traditionally transmitted only from a qualified guru to an initiated disciple, and some of that material is deliberately not set out in publicly available texts. 2
Learn More
The Power Without Which Nothing Acts

Shaktism worships the Goddess as the supreme reality, and the claim it makes is stronger than it first sounds.

In much of Hinduism the goddesses are consorts: Lakshmi with Vishnu, Parvati with Shiva. Shaktism inverts the relation. Shakti is power itself, the active principle without which the gods are inert, and a stock image of the tradition shows Shiva as a corpse beneath the feet of Kali, conscious but incapable of acting until she moves. The Goddess is not the female aspect of a male god. She is what the male gods have to borrow.

She appears in a very wide range of forms, and the range is part of the point. Durga, who kills the buffalo demon the male gods together could not; Kali, black, garlanded with severed heads, a genuinely terrifying figure who is also, in Bengali devotion, addressed straightforwardly as Mother; Lalita Tripurasundari, the serene queen of the Srividya tradition; the ten Mahavidyas; and, at village level, thousands of local goddesses concerned with disease, fertility and the boundaries of the settlement, whose worship long predates any of the texts and continues alongside them.

The claim that this is the oldest religion of India, evidenced by prehistoric figurines and Indus valley artefacts, is made frequently and rests on interpretation rather than on demonstration. What is solid is that the Goddess becomes theologically central by the third or fourth century CE, and that the text which made her so is still the tradition's charter.

The Devi Mahatmya, Tantra, and the Left Hand

The Devi Mahatmya, composed around the fifth or sixth century, is the text that made Shaktism a theology rather than a collection of cults. Its seven hundred verses tell three myths of the Goddess defeating demons the gods could not, and its argument is that the many goddesses are one, and that the one is the supreme reality. It holds a place in Shaktism comparable to that of the Bhagavad Gita elsewhere: it is recited entire, as an act of worship, and not merely read.

The tradition divides broadly into two streams. Srikula, and within it Srividya, is concerned with Lalita Tripurasundari, with the Sri Yantra, a diagram of nine interlocking triangles treated as the Goddess in geometric form, and with an elaborate and largely Brahminical practice of ritual and mantra. It is strongest in the south. Kalikula is concerned with the fierce forms, Kali and Tara above all, and is strongest in Bengal, Assam and Odisha.

Cutting across both is the distinction between the right-hand and left-hand paths. Left-hand practice deliberately uses what the ordinary religious order treats as polluting (meat, wine, sexual ritual, the cremation ground), on the principle that the Goddess is not partial to purity, and that the division between pure and impure is itself a limitation to be broken.

This is a real practice with a real literature, and it is also the part of Hinduism most consistently misrepresented by outsiders, who have generally taken the transgression for the point rather than for a method with a stated purpose. Most Shaktas, it should be said, follow the right-hand path and would not recognise the lurid version at all.

Where It Is Now

A database estimate for 2020 puts Shaktas at about three hundred and five million, the third largest of the groupings, with the usual and unusually severe caveats: there is no census of the traditions within Hinduism, the figure is modelled, and the Shakta and Shaiva categories overlap so heavily that treating them as separate populations is a convenience rather than a description.

Goddess worship is most concentrated in Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Bihar and the Tamil south, and in Nepal, where the living goddess tradition of the Kumari continues in Kathmandu. Durga Puja in Kolkata, an autumn festival of temporary sculpted pavilions that turns a whole city into an exhibition, was inscribed by UNESCO on its representative list of intangible cultural heritage in 2021. Navaratri is observed across India in strikingly different regional forms. The Shakti Peethas, the sites where parts of the Goddess's body are said to have fallen, form a pilgrimage network across the subcontinent, and Kamakhya in Assam is the most famous of them.

Shaktism's relationship with modern feminism is not simple, and is worth stating carefully. A tradition that places a female principle above the male gods has been read, by Indian and Western writers alike, as evidence of an indigenous feminism. Scholars of the tradition have generally resisted the reading, pointing out that goddess worship has coexisted with the social subordination of women for the whole of its history, and that the fierce goddesses are worshipped precisely because they are not what women are expected to be.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Belongs to Tradition

Hinduism, Religions

Branch Of

Hinduism, Religions

Contains

Shri Vidya is the srikula, auspicious lineage, of Shakta tantra, centered on the Goddess Lalita Tripura Sundari as supreme reality.

Holds Element

Hrim, Mantras

One of the principal goddess seeds, attached to Bhuvaneshvari and used across Shakta practice.

Kamakhya, Sacred Sites

The temple on the hill above the Brahmaputra is the principal of the seats where the goddess's body is held to have fallen, and its annual festival marks her menstruation.

Klim, Mantras

The seed of attraction, associated with Kali in Shakta practice.

The thousand names of Lalita Tripurasundari, and the central name corpus of the tradition.

Shrim, Mantras

The seed of Lakshmi and of abundance, and one of the few bijas transparently derived from an ordinary word.

The nine interlocking triangles are the diagram of the goddess and the seat of her worship, and the ascent through its enclosures is the structure of the rite rather than a picture of it.

Theyyam, Sacred Dances

The northern Kerala rite in which a costumed performer is understood to become the deity is worship of goddesses and heroes at village level, standing beside the Shakta temple tradition rather than inside it.

Trishula, Religious Symbols

Durga carries the trident taken from Shiva, and it appears in the goddess's hands in image and festival, but the Shakta emblem proper is the diagram rather than the weapon.

The geometric diagram is used as the seat of the goddess and as the object of worship in its own right.

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Bagalamukhi, Deities

Counted as the eighth of the ten Mahavidyas, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

Bhairavi, Deities

Counted as the fifth of the ten Mahavidyas, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

Bhakti, Doctrines

Devotion to the Goddess, expressed in hymns such as the Devi Mahatmya, is Shaktism's primary devotional mode and path to liberation.

Bhuvaneshvari, Deities

Counted as the fourth of the ten Mahavidyas, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

Brahman, Doctrines

Shaktism identifies Brahman, ultimate reality, with Shakti, dynamic divine power, against schools that treat ultimate reality as inert consciousness alone.

Chhinnamasta, Deities

Counted as the sixth of the ten Mahavidyas, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

The Devi Mahatmya is Shaktism's central scripture, the clearest textual statement of the Goddess as supreme reality.

Dhumavati, Deities

Counted as the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

Devi, in one of her many forms, is the ishta-devata of Shaktism, worshipped as Brahman itself rather than as a consort or lesser power.

Kali, Deities

Counted as the first of the ten Mahavidyas, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

Kali, Figures
Source Devi Mahatmya (Durga Saptashati)Anonymous
Source The Sakta PithasD. C. Sircar
Kamakhya, Sacred Sites

One of the shakta pithas, and among the most important of them.

Source The Sakta PithasD. C. Sircar
Kamala, Deities

Counted as the tenth of the ten Mahavidyas, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

Shaktism accepts the law of action and result while holding that the Goddess, as the power behind all action whatever, may release the devotee from its consequences through her grace.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Counted as the third of the ten Mahavidyas, listed as Shodashi or Tripura Sundari, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

Matangi, Deities

Counted as the ninth of the ten Mahavidyas, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

Source Encyclopedia of HinduismDenise Cush, Catherine Robinson and Michael York (eds.)

Shaktism describes liberation as union with the Goddess, and its tantric schools teach that this may be reached through ritual and the awakening of inner energy rather than by withdrawal from the world.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Mudiyettu, Performance Works

Mudiyettu enacts the central myth of the Bhadrakali/Kali cult, part of the wider Shakta devotional tradition.

Source Mudiyettu (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

For Shaktas these nine nights are the central festival of the year, each night given to a form of the Goddess and read as her battle with the buffalo demon, culminating in Bengal in Durga Puja and everywhere in the tenth-day victory.

Source Devi Mahatmya (Durga Saptashati)Anonymous

Shakta puja is offered to the Goddess and frequently uses a yantra, a geometric diagram, alongside or instead of an image; some lineages offer animal sacrifice, which most other Hindu traditions do not.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Raji: An Ancient Epic (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Shaktism holds the round of rebirth to be the play of the Goddess, whose power both spins the world out and, when she wills, releases the devotee from it.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Shaktism's defining doctrine: Shakti, not a subordinate consort but Brahman itself, the ultimate reality from which the universe and the gods proceed.

Tantra, Practices

Shaktism is bound to tantra more closely than any other Hindu tradition, working with mantra, yantra and ritual to rouse the divine energy within, and some of its lineages keep the transgressive left-hand rites that the orthodox refuse.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Counted as the second of the ten Mahavidyas, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

Shaktas honour the cow as other Hindus do, though some Shakta communities, notably in Bengal and Nepal, offer animal sacrifice to the Goddess, which sets them apart from vegetarian traditions.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Shaktism takes the Goddess as ultimate reality rather than consort to a male god, worshipped as Durga, Kali or Parvati, with the male deity understood as inert without her power.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Act, 1988Legislature of Jammu and Kashmir

Originates in Language

Sanskrit, Languages
Source Encyclopedia of HinduismDenise Cush, Catherine Robinson and Michael York (eds.)

Position On

Ahimsa, Doctrines

Non-injury is held across the Shakta traditions, with the exception of the blood offering some Shakta lineages make and others do not, which is one of the current's live internal differences.

Atman, Doctrines

The self is held across the Shakta traditions, and in the non-dual Shakta schools it is not other than the Goddess.

Avidya, Doctrines

Ignorance is held across the Shakta traditions.

Dana, Doctrines

Giving is held across the Shakta traditions.

Dharma, Doctrines

Dharma is held across the Shakta traditions.

The teaching lineage is central across the Shakta traditions, and the tantric Shakta schools require initiation from a qualified teacher.

Karma, Doctrines

Karma is held across the Shakta traditions.

Maya, Doctrines

Shakta theology takes maya to be the Goddess herself in her power of veiling and revealing, so that what conceals and what liberates are one, which is a rival account of the term rather than a rejection of it.

Moksha, Doctrines

Liberation across the Shakta traditions is union with the Goddess, and much of the current holds worldly enjoyment and liberation to be sought together rather than traded against each other.

Merit and demerit are held across the Shakta traditions.

Paramatman, Doctrines

The indwelling supreme self is held across the Shakta traditions, understood as the Goddess within.

Pralaya, Doctrines

Periodic dissolution is held across the Shakta traditions, and the Goddess is held to survive it as the source the next world issues from.

Samadhi, Doctrines

Collected absorption is held across the Shakta traditions.

Samsara, Doctrines

Transmigration is held across the Shakta traditions.

Samskara, Doctrines

Latent impressions are held across the Shakta traditions.

Being, consciousness and bliss are held across the Shakta traditions as descriptions of the Goddess.

Tapas, Doctrines

Ascetic heat is held across the Shakta traditions.

The three strands are held across the Shakta traditions as the Goddess's own modes, which is why the great goddesses are correlated with them in the Shakta texts.

Related To

The Kashmirian nondual schools and the Shakta traditions share a great deal of apparatus, and Abhinavagupta's Trika is worked out with the Goddess at its centre.

Source Saivism and the Tantric TraditionsAlexis Sanderson

Symbolized By

The Sri Yantra is the central diagram of Sri Vidya, a Shakta Tantric tradition of goddess worship.

Sources
1. Encyclopedia of Hinduism
Denise Cush, Catherine Robinson and Michael York (eds.), Routledge, 2008s.v. ShaktismView the Source
2. Wikipedia, Shaktism (source)
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia
3. Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas
David R. Kinsley, University of California Press, 1997The Ten MahavidyasView the Source
The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Sakta Tantrism
Douglas Renfrew Brooks, University of Chicago Press, 1990
The Cult of Teyyam and Hero Worship in Kerala
K. K. N. Kurup, Indian Publications, 1973
Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition
David R. Kinsley, University of California Press, 1988View the Source
Vac: The Concept of the Word in Selected Hindu Tantras
Andre Padoux, State University of New York Press, 1990View the Source
Devi Mahatmya (Durga Saptashati)
AnonymousThe three myths of the Goddess
Quote, The three myths of the Goddess
The text that gathered the many goddesses into one supreme Goddess and gave Shaktism its charter.
Durga Puja in Kolkata, Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2021Inscribed 2021
Quote, Inscribed 2021
Durga Puja in Kolkata entered the representative list of intangible cultural heritage.
View the Source
Community

0 members · 3 organizations

Visit This CommunityBrowse Organizations

Organizations In This Tradition

Comments (0)
No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.
Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)
No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.

View At A Past Year

Choose a year to see this entry's facts and connections as the atlas records them at that moment: what it held then, what it held instead, and what it had not yet adopted. Choose Present for the current record.