Chicomecoatl, "Seven Serpent," named for the calendrical day-sign associated with fertility, is the Aztec goddess of sustenance and of the mature, ripened maize crop, one of the most prominent agricultural deities in the pantheon. She was honored above all in the veintena Huey Tozoztli, the Great Vigil, when young women carried seed maize and other foodstuffs to be blessed at her temple and households replenished their stores of grain, and her image, according to the Florentine Codex, was carried in procession decked with maize ears and amaranth-dough ornaments. She stands as the mature counterpart to Xilonen, goddess of the young, tender ear, the two forming the female half of the maize deity complex alongside the male Centeotl, with whom Chicomecoatl is sometimes treated by chroniclers as functionally paired or overlapping.
Facts
Cult
Attributes and IconographyDepicted as a mature woman carrying ears of maize in both hands, sometimes wearing a tall paper headdress, at times shown as an old woman to mark the fully ripened, aged grain. 1 Worship and PracticeHonored at Huey Tozoztli with processions carrying seed maize to be blessed at her temple, and with offerings of amaranth-dough images; households renewed their stores of grain in her name. 3 Attestation
Era of Attestation Veneration TodayHistorically attested; no continuous cult 1 HistoricityNot a historical person: a divine or other-than-human being 1 Function
Domain / FunctionAgriculture and harvest 1 Domain / FunctionFertility and generation 1 Belief
TheologyPolytheistic: many gods 1 Origins
Origin of the NameFrom Nahuatl chicome, seven, and coatl, serpent: Seven Serpent, the calendrical day-name under which she was invoked. 1 Learn More
Sustenance and the Granary
This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.
Chicomecoatl's day-name, Seven Serpent, ties her to the Aztec calendar's system of naming deities for the day-sign under which they were most powerfully invoked, a naming convention shared with several other agricultural figures and one that marked her as a calendrical patron rather than merely a mythic character with a fixed personal history. Her association with sustenance went beyond maize specifically to cover stored food generally, and the veintena Huey Tozoztli, her principal festival, centered on the household act of bringing seed grain from storage to be blessed rather than on a field or harvest rite, underscoring that her domain was provision and continuity of supply as much as agriculture in the abstract. Because seed grain held back for planting represented a community's entire wager on the following year, the ritual anxiety bound up with Chicomecoatl reflects a very concrete economic concern: a bad decision about which grain to keep back, or a failure of the stored seed itself, could cost an entire agricultural cycle. Her cult accordingly sat close to household and civic administration of food stores, not only to the open fields.
The Mature Counterpart to Xilonen
This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.
Spanish-era chroniclers recording Aztec religion sometimes described Chicomecoatl and Centeotl as closely overlapping or even functionally interchangeable figures, a reading modern scholarship treats cautiously, since the two carried distinct festivals, distinct iconography and, in Centeotl's case, an association that could run male as readily as female depending on the source consulted. Chicomecoatl's more secure counterpart is Xilonen, and the pairing is explicit rather than inferred: iconographic sources sometimes show Chicomecoatl herself rendered as an old woman specifically to mark the fully aged, dried grain in contrast to Xilonen's tender, youthful ear, making the two goddesses stand for the same plant's beginning and end rather than for different plants entirely. That structure, a young and an old goddess bracketing one crop's life, recurs elsewhere in the Aztec pantheon, most notably in the pairing of Xilonen again with Ilamatecuhtli's much broader old-age and year-end associations, suggesting the culture found the young-and-aged goddess pair a productive way to represent any process, agricultural or calendrical, that had a clear beginning and a clear close.
Connections
Associated With
This source names The Pantheon directly: "most prominent agricultural deities in the pantheon."
Source An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the MayaMary Miller and Karl Taube
Chicomecoatl and Xilonen together represent the mature and young stages of the maize deity complex.
Source An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the MayaMary Miller and Karl Taube
Patron Of
Huey Tozoztli's ruling deity is recorded as Centeotl and Chicomecoatl.
Source An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the MayaMary Miller and Karl Taube
Worshipped In
Source An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the MayaMary Miller and Karl Taube
Sources
1. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
Mary Miller and Karl Taube, Thames and Hudson, 1993Chicomecoatl entryView the Source 2. Religions of Mesoamerica, 2nd edition
David Carrasco, Waveland Press, 2013Chicomecoatl, Aztec-era iconography
3. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain
Bernardino de Sahagun; translated by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble, School of American Research and University of Utah Press, 1950Book 2, the veintena Huey Tozoztli and the blessing of seed maizeView the Source Reader Challenges (0)
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