Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences

Divinity Atlas

Disputed Statements

Claims this atlas currently marks as unsettled or as tested and found false. A debated fact is one scholars hold competing positions on; a debunked one has been checked against the record and found not to hold. Both are kept in view rather than quietly smoothed over, with the reasoning that put each one where it stands.

3,882 statements.

Ancestor Veneration, Contested or Appropriated Modern UseThe term ancestor worship is rejected by most practitioners and by most current scholarship, on the ground that the dead are not held to be gods and the obligations owed to them are those of kinship.

Ancestor Veneration, Doctrines

Standing

Concerns Contested or Appropriated Modern Use

Currently States The term ancestor worship is rejected by most practitioners and by most current scholarship, on the ground that the dead are not held to be gods and the obligations owed to them are those of kinship.

John S. Mbiti's African Religions and Philosophy (Heinemann, 1969), drawing on his own fieldwork and theological training across East and Central African traditions, records that the term ancestor worship is rejected by most practitioners and by most current scholarship, on the ground that the dead are not held to be gods and the obligations owed to them are those of kinship rather than worship. Mbiti proposed the living dead as a replacement term in the same 1969 study; that term is in turn criticised by later Africanist scholars for imposing a pan-African uniformity the individual traditions do not actually show. No single replacement term has been agreed across the field, and veneration is used in the atlas as the least misleading available option rather than as a settled term of art.

Source African Religions and Philosophy, John S. Mbiti

Ancestral Sin as Inherited Mortality Rather Than Inherited Guilt, Point in DisputeHow far the Eastern and Latin accounts genuinely conflict, and how much of the difference is one of vocabulary and emphasis, is itself argued.

Ancestral Sin as Inherited Mortality Rather Than Inherited Guilt, Beliefs & Restrictions

Standing

Concerns Point in Dispute

Currently States How far the Eastern and Latin accounts genuinely conflict, and how much of the difference is one of vocabulary and emphasis, is itself argued.

The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches teach that Adam's descendants inherit mortality and a nature bent toward sin, but not the guilt of his act itself, which they hold to be personal and non-transferable; the Latin tradition, following Augustine, has instead spoken of an inherited state of sin removed by baptism. John Meyendorff's standard survey of Orthodox theology traces how this difference in starting point reaches into further disagreements, over the meaning of baptism, over the nature of grace, and over the Latin doctrine of Mary's immaculate conception, which addresses a problem the Eastern framework does not pose in the same terms. How far the two accounts genuinely conflict, rather than expressing the same underlying conviction in different theological vocabularies shaped by Greek and Latin patristic traditions respectively, is itself argued among theologians on both sides. The question has not been settled because it depends on how much weight is given to vocabulary versus substance in comparing two theological traditions that developed largely independently of each other after the early centuries.

Source Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes, John Meyendorff

Ancilia, NumberTwelve (one heaven-fallen, eleven copies)

Ancilia, Artifacts & Relics

Standing

Concerns Number

Currently States Twelve (one heaven-fallen, eleven copies)

Mary Beard, John North and Simon Price's Religions of Rome, Volume 1: A History (Cambridge University Press, 1998) examine the Roman tradition of the ancilia, the sacred shields of Mars. Their method is comparative source-critical history, distinguishing the single shield said to have fallen from heaven under King Numa, which they treat as legendary, from the eleven copies Numa reportedly commissioned to protect the original by making it indistinguishable, which the authors record as attested cult objects carried by the Salian priests in historical Roman ritual down to the historical period.

Source Religions of Rome, Volume 1: A History, Mary Beard, John North and Simon Price

Andrei Rublev, Lifespan or Floruit Start Year1360

Andrei Rublev, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns Lifespan or Floruit Start Year

Currently States 1360

No record of Rublev's birth survives. Scholarship on the Trinity icon reconstructs his working life from monastic and chronicle references to his activity, and generally places his birth somewhere in the 1360s, a range rather than a fixed year; 1360 is recorded here as the commonly cited outer edge of that range.

Source The Rublev Trinity: The Icon of the Trinity by the Monk-painter Andrei Rublev (Gabriel Bunge), Gabriel Bunge

Andrei Rublev, Lifespan or Floruit End Year1428

Andrei Rublev, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns Lifespan or Floruit End Year

Currently States 1428

Chronicle references to Rublev's death cluster around 1427 to 1430, without full agreement on the exact year; the State Tretyakov Gallery's own dating of the Trinity icon to 1422 to 1427 places its creation late in his life, consistent with a death shortly after. 1428 is recorded here as the commonly cited midpoint of that range rather than a fixed date.

Source The Rublev Trinity: The Icon of the Trinity by the Monk-painter Andrei Rublev (Gabriel Bunge), Gabriel Bunge

Anglican Communion, Standing of Holy OrdersHistoric Episcopate Locally Adapted

Anglican Communion, Denominations

Standing

Concerns Standing of Holy Orders

Currently States Historic Episcopate Locally Adapted

The claim is disputed from both sides. Leo XIII held Anglican orders absolutely null and utterly void in Apostolicae Curae in 1896 and the archbishops of Canterbury and York answered in Saepius Officio in 1897. Since provinces began ordaining women, some Anglican provinces no longer recognise each other's orders either.

Source The Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral, The Lambeth Conference

Anglicanism, Adherents Today Minimum80000000.000000

Anglicanism, Denominations

Standing

Concerns Adherents Today Minimum

Currently States 80000000.000000

Estimates range from roughly 80 million, close to Pew Research's dedicated 2008 estimate and a commonly cited Anglican Communion figure, up to 100-110 million in broader countings that include every denomination within the wider Anglican tradition. There is no single official worldwide census.

Source Global Anglicanism at a Crossroads (Pew Research Center, 2008), Pew Research Center

Anglicanism, Adherents Today Maximum110000000.000000

Anglicanism, Denominations

Standing

Concerns Adherents Today Maximum

Currently States 110000000.000000

Estimates range from roughly 80 million, close to Pew Research's dedicated 2008 estimate and a commonly cited Anglican Communion figure, up to 100-110 million in broader countings that include every denomination within the wider Anglican tradition. There is no single official worldwide census.

Source Global Anglicanism at a Crossroads (Pew Research Center, 2008), Pew Research Center

Angra Mainyu, Point in DisputeWhether Angra Mainyu is co-eternal with Ahura Mazda as an independent opposing principle, or a lesser being whose choice of evil makes him its source, the question the Zurvanite school answered by making both spirits offspring of a god of time.

Angra Mainyu, Deities

Standing

Concerns Point in Dispute

Currently States Whether Angra Mainyu is co-eternal with Ahura Mazda as an independent opposing principle, or a lesser being whose choice of evil makes him its source, the question the Zurvanite school answered by making both spirits offspring of a god of time.

Zoroastrian theology itself divided historically on whether Angra Mainyu is co-eternal with Ahura Mazda, opposed to him from the beginning as two independent principles, or a lesser being who chooses evil and so becomes its source, a question the later Zurvanite school answered by making both spirits offspring of a prior god of time, Zurvan, a resolution the older Gathic tradition never taught and that mainstream Zoroastrianism rejected.

Source A History of Zoroastrianism, Mary Boyce

Anishinaabe Religion, Supreme BeingGichi-Manidoo, the great manidoo. Whether a supreme being in this sense is pre-contact or took shape in translation is disputed.

Anishinaabe Religion, Religions

Standing

Concerns Supreme Being

Currently States Gichi-Manidoo, the great manidoo. Whether a supreme being in this sense is pre-contact or took shape in translation is disputed.

Two camps. One reads Gichi-Manidoo as an indigenous concept of a highest power, present before missionary contact and recorded early. The other reads the singular supreme being as a product of translation practice: missionaries needed an equivalent for God, seized on manidoo, and the superlative form hardened into a monotheist-shaped figure that the earlier usage did not support, where manidoo named a quality of power distributed across many beings. The evidence is contested because the earliest records are themselves missionary.

Source The Manitous: The Spiritual World of the Ojibway, Basil Johnston

Anna Göldi, How Its Legacy Is ContestedUsually described as the last person executed for witchcraft in Europe.

Anna Göldi, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns How Its Legacy Is Contested

Currently States Usually described as the last person executed for witchcraft in Europe.

Wolfgang Behringer's Witches and Witch-Hunts: A Global History (Polity Press, 2004) surveys how historians have applied the label Europe's last witch execution to Anna Goldi's 1782 case, and finds the disagreement turns on definition rather than on any new evidence about the case itself. Behringer's comparative method, reading Goldi's trial record against the wider European record of witchcraft prosecutions, sets out three positions: one that counts her because the substance of the accusation was witchcraft whatever the formal charge sheet said, one that excludes her because she was tried and condemned specifically for poisoning, and one that points to later, more thinly documented killings in eastern Europe and holds no last case can responsibly be named at all. The atlas follows Behringer in recording the claim without adjudicating between the three readings.

Source Witches and Witch-Hunts: A Global History, Wolfgang Behringer

Antiochus IV, Lifespan or Floruit Start Year-215

Antiochus IV, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns Lifespan or Floruit Start Year

Currently States -215

Classical reference works give his birth as around 215 BCE; no Seleucid record fixes it precisely, so the figure is the conventional scholarly estimate rather than a dated record. It is worked out chiefly from his known presence as a hostage in Rome after the Peace of Apamea in the 180s BCE and from the ages implied by the reigns of his brothers Seleucus IV and the elder Antiochus, not from any birth record of his own.

Source The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th edition, Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth and Esther Eidinow (eds.)

Antoine Court de Gebelin, Lifespan or Floruit Start Year1725

Antoine Court de Gebelin, Historical Figures

Standing

Concerns Lifespan or Floruit Start Year

Currently States 1725

Encyclopaedia Britannica gives his birth as January 25, 1725, in Nimes; an older biographical tradition instead gives 1724 or 1728, so the exact year is not settled even though the decade and place are.

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica: Verified Biographies (online academic reference), Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

Antwerp, Origin of the NamePopularly explained by a folk legend of the giant Antigoon, defeated by the Roman soldier Silvius Brabo, who cut off the giant's hand and threw it into the river Scheldt, reflected in the two severed hands on Antwerp's coat of arms; philologists instead derive the name from 'aanwerp', a mound of land deposited at a river bend. No single account is settled.

Antwerp, Cities

Standing

Concerns Origin of the Name

Currently States Popularly explained by a folk legend of the giant Antigoon, defeated by the Roman soldier Silvius Brabo, who cut off the giant's hand and threw it into the river Scheldt, reflected in the two severed hands on Antwerp's coat of arms; philologists instead derive the name from 'aanwerp', a mound of land deposited at a river bend. No single account is settled.

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference), Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

Anubis, LineageOld Kingdom sources name him son of Ra; the Coffin Texts of the First Intermediate Period instead name Hesat or Bastet as his mother; the later, better known tradition recorded by Plutarch makes him the secret son of Osiris and Nephthys, adopted and raised by Isis as her own.

Anubis, Figures

Standing

Concerns Lineage

Currently States Old Kingdom sources name him son of Ra; the Coffin Texts of the First Intermediate Period instead name Hesat or Bastet as his mother; the later, better known tradition recorded by Plutarch makes him the secret son of Osiris and Nephthys, adopted and raised by Isis as her own.

Egyptian sources disagree by period rather than by a single evolving story: Old Kingdom tradition makes Anubis son of Ra, the Coffin Texts name Hesat or Bastet as his mother, and the later Osirian tradition Plutarch records makes him the illegitimate son of Osiris and Nephthys. Nothing in the corpus reconciles the three.

Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Donald B. Redford (ed.)

Anunnaki, Point in DisputeWhether Anunna and Igigi named two fixed and separate classes of gods, or two overlapping terms whose senses shifted and in places exchanged places between periods

Anunnaki, Mythical Creatures

Standing

Concerns Point in Dispute

Currently States Whether Anunna and Igigi named two fixed and separate classes of gods, or two overlapping terms whose senses shifted and in places exchanged places between periods

The usage is genuinely inconsistent across the record. Some readings treat the two as a stable pair of ranks, senior and junior; others hold that the terms overlap in the earlier material and only separate, and then invert, in the later.

Source Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, Jeremy Black and Anthony Green

Ap ࡐ, A Rival System's AttributionThe script's ancestry is assigned either to a cursive form of Aramaic, the derivation favored by most script historians, or to the Parthian chancery script used in Sasanian era administrative documents.

Ap ࡐ, Alphabet Letters

Standing

Concerns A Rival System's Attribution

Currently States The script's ancestry is assigned either to a cursive form of Aramaic, the derivation favored by most script historians, or to the Parthian chancery script used in Sasanian era administrative documents.

According To The Mandaic script

Both derivations are held in the literature and neither has displaced the other. The Aramaic cursive camp points to the letterforms' overall resemblance to other late Aramaic cursive scripts of the region, including Nabataean and Syriac; the Parthian chancery camp points to specific letterforms, including certain medial and final forms, that resemble Pahlavi documentary hands more closely than any Aramaic cursive exemplar. No single find has settled the question, and Mandaic paleography treats it as open pending further comparative work.

Source Iranian Scripts for Aramaic Languages: The Origin of the Mandaic Script, Charles G. Haberl

Aparigraha (Non-Greed), Attributed Author / CompilerTraditionally attributed to Patanjali, the compiler of the Yoga Sutras. Scholarship debates whether this is the same Patanjali credited with the Sanskrit grammatical treatise of that name, and whether the text as it stands is the work of a single author or an edited compilation of older material.

Aparigraha (Non-Greed), Virtues

Standing

Concerns Attributed Author / Compiler

Currently States Traditionally attributed to Patanjali, the compiler of the Yoga Sutras. Scholarship debates whether this is the same Patanjali credited with the Sanskrit grammatical treatise of that name, and whether the text as it stands is the work of a single author or an edited compilation of older material.

Source The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary, Edwin F. Bryant

Aparigraha (Non-Greed), Origin PeriodDated by scholars anywhere from the second century BCE, on older assumptions of a single ancient author, to as late as the fourth or fifth century CE, on newer philological readings that treat the text as a later compilation. There is no scholarly consensus on a single date for the Yoga Sutras.

Aparigraha (Non-Greed), Virtues

Standing

Concerns Origin Period

Currently States Dated by scholars anywhere from the second century BCE, on older assumptions of a single ancient author, to as late as the fourth or fifth century CE, on newer philological readings that treat the text as a later compilation. There is no scholarly consensus on a single date for the Yoga Sutras.

Source The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary, Edwin F. Bryant

Aparigraha (Non-Possession), Origin PeriodThe five mahavratas as a codified set of ascetic vows appear already in the Acaranga Sutra, among the oldest surviving Jain Agamas, with aparigraha named fifth, though the canon's traditional final redaction at the Council of Valabhi is placed in the fifth century CE, leaving how much of the text predates that redaction unsettled. Their classical formal definition is fixed later in Umasvati's Tattvartha Sutra, a text scholars date anywhere from the second to the fifth century CE.

Aparigraha (Non-Possession), Virtues

Standing

Concerns Origin Period

Currently States The five mahavratas as a codified set of ascetic vows appear already in the Acaranga Sutra, among the oldest surviving Jain Agamas, with aparigraha named fifth, though the canon's traditional final redaction at the Council of Valabhi is placed in the fifth century CE, leaving how much of the text predates that redaction unsettled. Their classical formal definition is fixed later in Umasvati's Tattvartha Sutra, a text scholars date anywhere from the second to the fifth century CE.

Source The Jaina Path of Purification, Padmanabh S. Jaini