Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Doctrines

Papal primacy and infallibility

Also Known As The primacy of the pope · papal infallibility · the Petrine office
Church, Sacraments and Authority

Citation Formats

General Reference

APA Style

BibTeX

Origin 440 to 1870 CE

The Catholic claim has two parts: a universal primacy of jurisdiction, and infallibility, the guarantee that when the pope defines a doctrine of faith or morals ex cathedra, to be held by the whole church, he is preserved from error. The Orthodox grant the see of Rome a primacy of honour among equals but deny it jurisdiction over other churches and locate infallibility in the whole church expressed through councils, not in one bishop. The Reformation churches reject both, holding no such office was given to Peter or transmissible. The positions are set out below.

Facts
Status
Status Within the Tradition
Defined and binding within this tradition 1Tradition: Roman Catholicism
Sourced to the subject's own accountDefined at the First Vatican Council in Pastor Aeternus, 1870
Status Within the Tradition
Rejected, or not held, within this tradition 3Tradition: Protestantism
Rejected outright by the Reformation churches
Status Within the Tradition
Rejected, or not held, within this tradition 4Tradition: Eastern Orthodoxy
Rejected: the Roman see is accorded a primacy of honour, not of universal jurisdiction, and no bishop is held to be infallible
Organisation
Reach of Its Authority
Claimed jurisdiction extends over the entire Catholic Church, in addition to the pope's ordinary jurisdiction as Bishop of Rome and Patriarch of the West. 2
Origins
Origin PeriodSourced to the subject's own account
440 to 1870 CE 1
Held By
Roman Catholicism, defined at the First Vatican Council in 1870; rejected outright by the Reformation churches, and rejected by Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy, which hold instead to a conciliar model in which no single bishop holds universal authority. 2
The Claim
The Claim
That the Bishop of Rome holds supreme jurisdiction over the whole Catholic Church, and that he is preserved from error when he defines a doctrine on faith or morals ex cathedra, speaking in his office as universal pastor. 2
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
Papal infallibility was formally defined at the First Vatican Council in 1870 and has been invoked in that explicit form only rarely, most clearly for the 1950 definition of the bodily Assumption of Mary. 2
Position Profile
Opposing Position
Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches reject Roman primacy of jurisdiction, holding instead to a conciliar model in which no single bishop holds universal authority, and the Old Catholic churches broke from Rome specifically over the 1870 definition. 2
Learn More
The Chair of Peter

This doctrine concerns the standing of the bishop of Rome: whether he holds supreme jurisdiction over the whole church and whether, under defined conditions, he can teach without error. It is affirmed by the Catholic Church and rejected, in different ways, by the Orthodox and the Reformation churches.

The scriptural pivot is Matthew 16:18-19, where Jesus tells Simon, "You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church," and gives him "the keys of the kingdom." The Catholic reading takes this to institute a perpetual office, held by Peter and inherited by the bishops of the see he is held to have founded at Rome. Others read the same passage differently: that the "rock" is Peter's confession of faith rather than his person, or that the authority of the keys is given to all the apostles and their successors together. The historical record of the first centuries shows Rome accorded a special honour and often appealed to as an arbiter, which all sides acknowledge; what is disputed is whether that honour amounted to jurisdiction.

1870, and the Two Traditions That Said No

The doctrine reached its defined form at the First Vatican Council. Its constitution Pastor Aeternus (1870) taught that the pope holds universal ordinary jurisdiction over the whole church and that he teaches infallibly when, and only when, speaking ex cathedra: as pastor of all Christians, defining a doctrine of faith or morals to be held by the whole church. The conditions are strict, and Catholic theologians dispute how many pronouncements have ever met them.

The atlas records three standing positions. The Catholic position affirms both the universal jurisdiction and the infallibility. The Orthodox churches grant the bishop of Rome a primacy of honour, a first place among equals within a fundamentally conciliar church, but reject a primacy of jurisdiction over other bishops, and regard the 1870 definitions as an innovation. The Protestant churches reject the notion of a Petrine office altogether, locating authority in scripture and, variously, in councils or congregations. The 1870 definition itself produced a schism: the Old Catholic churches broke away rather than accept it. The doctrine remains among the principal obstacles to reunion between Rome and the East.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Affirmed By

Reconciliation: affirmed Belief -> contested Doctrine concept (Papal primacy).

Associated With

Innocent I, Figures

His letters to Victricius, Exsuperius and Decentius argue that Roman usage is normative and that major cases belong to Rome, an early stage of the primacy claim.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Pius IX, Figures

Papal infallibility was defined under his presidency at the First Vatican Council in 1870.

Belongs to Tradition

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Papal primacy and infallibility are dogma per Pastor Aeternus, the First Vatican Council's 1870 constitution on the Church.

Source Pastor Aeternus, First Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of ChristFirst Vatican Councilthe holders' own account

Rejected Here

Anabaptism, Denominations

Anabaptists reject papal primacy along with all state-church establishment, insisting on a gathered church separate from civil authority.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Anglican Communion, Denominations

No province accepts the universal jurisdiction of the see of Rome or the papal infallibility defined in 1870. The Quadrilateral locates continuity in the episcopate as a whole and names no see, and the Communion's own cohesion rests on four instruments that consult rather than command.

Source The Study of AnglicanismStephen Sykes, John Booty and Jonathan Knight (eds.)
Anglicanism, Denominations

Article XXXVII of the Thirty-Nine Articles denies the Bishop of Rome any jurisdiction in this tradition's national church.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Baptist, Denominations

Baptists reject papal primacy, holding to the priesthood of all believers and the autonomy of the local congregation instead of any single earthly head of the church.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Calvinism (Reformed), Denominations

This tradition rejects papal primacy and infallibility; the Westminster Confession of Faith, Chapter XXV, Of the Church, denies the Pope of Rome any headship of the church.

Source The Westminster Confession of FaithWestminster Assemblythe holders' own account
Church of Cyprus, Denominations

Rome's honour as a see is not in question here. What is rejected is universal jurisdiction over the whole church and the personal infallibility defined in 1870. Primacy among the Orthodox churches is held to be a primacy of honour, not of power.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
Church of Greece, Denominations

Rome's honour as a see is not in question here. What is rejected is universal jurisdiction over the whole church and the personal infallibility defined in 1870. Primacy among the Orthodox churches is held to be a primacy of honour, not of power.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
Church of Ireland, Denominations

The Preamble and Declaration of 1870 constituted the Church of Ireland as a self-governing church which receives and approves the Thirty-Nine Articles and recognises no jurisdiction of the see of Rome over itself. It had held that position as the established church for three centuries in a country whose great majority was Roman Catholic, and it kept it after the state withdrew.

Source The Preamble and Declaration of the Church of IrelandThe General Convention of the Church of Irelandthe holders' own account
Dutch Reformed Church, Denominations

The Belgic Confession sets out the marks by which the true church is known, the pure preaching of the gospel, the pure administration of the sacraments and the exercise of church discipline, and recognises no see or officer standing above them. It describes as false a church that ascribes to itself and its ordinances more authority than to the word of God.

Source The Belgic ConfessionGuido de Bres
Eastern Orthodoxy, Denominations

This tradition rejects the Roman claim to universal jurisdiction and papal infallibility.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)

Universal jurisdiction and papal infallibility are not held here. This church's own autocephaly was granted in 1993 by the Coptic Pope of Alexandria, within the Oriental Orthodox family, and neither Rome nor Constantinople had a part in it.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

The Augsburg Confession's article on the power of bishops confines that power to the word and the sacraments, denies bishops any authority over civil government and denies them any right to bind consciences beyond scripture, which leaves no ground for a universal jurisdiction or for infallible teaching.

Source The Augsburg ConfessionPhilipp Melanchthon
Georgian Orthodox Church, Denominations

Rome's honour as a see is not in question here. What is rejected is universal jurisdiction over the whole church and the personal infallibility defined in 1870. Primacy among the Orthodox churches is held to be a primacy of honour, not of power.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
Greek Orthodox Church, Denominations

Rome's honour as a see is not in question here. What is rejected is universal jurisdiction over the whole church and the personal infallibility defined in 1870. Primacy among the Orthodox churches is held to be a primacy of honour, not of power.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
Jehovah's Witnesses, Denominations

No claim of Roman primacy or infallibility is recognised. Direction comes from this body's own Governing Body.

No Roman claim to primacy is recognised, on the same ground: the line this body accepts was restored, not continued.

Lutheranism, Denominations

The Augsburg Confession, Article XXVIII, Of Ecclesiastical Power, denies that the office of bishop, including the papacy, carries power over civil government or over conscience apart from the Word, undercutting the claim of papal primacy over princes and believers alike.

Source The Augsburg ConfessionPhilipp Melanchthon
Oriental Orthodoxy, Denominations

This tradition rejects Roman papal primacy and jurisdiction; each Oriental Orthodox church is self-governing under its own patriarch or catholicos.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Pentecostalism, Denominations

Pentecostal denominations, arising outside and independent of Roman Catholic structure, do not recognize papal primacy.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Presbyterianism, Denominations

This tradition rejects papal primacy and infallibility; the Westminster Confession of Faith, Chapter XXV, denies the Pope of Rome any headship of the church.

Source The Westminster Confession of FaithWestminster Assemblythe holders' own account
Romanian Orthodox Church, Denominations

Rome's honour as a see is not in question here. What is rejected is universal jurisdiction over the whole church and the personal infallibility defined in 1870. Primacy among the Orthodox churches is held to be a primacy of honour, not of power.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
Serbian Orthodox Church, Denominations

Rome's honour as a see is not in question here. What is rejected is universal jurisdiction over the whole church and the personal infallibility defined in 1870. Primacy among the Orthodox churches is held to be a primacy of honour, not of power.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
Seventh-day Adventism, Denominations

Seventh-day Adventism, a nineteenth-century American Protestant movement independent of Rome, does not recognize papal primacy.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Eastern Orthodoxy, Denominations

A primacy of honour and not of jurisdiction. The bishop of Rome is first among equals; he is not a bishop over bishops and holds no charism of infallibility.

Oriental Orthodoxy, Denominations

A primacy of honour and not of jurisdiction, in common with the Eastern Orthodox churches.

Depicted In

The Vatican Museums' own page for the fresco, checked directly, reads Christ's gesture of handing the keys to Peter as the conferment of powers onto the first vicar of Christ on earth, drawing a deliberate visual parallel between the fresco's Constantine-modelled triumphal arches and papal authority: a specific doctrinal argument for papal primacy built into the composition, not incidental Gospel illustration.

Source Vatican Museums, official collection page, "Consegna delle Chiavi" (Perugino)Vatican Museums, official collection entry

Opposed By

Universal jurisdiction and papal infallibility rejected. The primacy conceded is one of honour, and it belongs to a see rather than to an office over the whole church.

Positions on This Question

Universal immediate jurisdiction and infallibility when the pope defines a doctrine of faith or morals ex cathedra, defined at the First Vatican Council in 1870.

Related To

The definition of 1870 is the sharpest case of the teaching office in exercise.

Sources
1. Pastor Aeternus, First Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ
First Vatican Council, 1870The definition of primacy and infallibility, 1870the holders' own accountView the Source
2. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005View the Source
3. Institutes of the Christian Religion
John Calvin, 1559IV.vi-viiView the Source
4. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes
John Meyendorff, Fordham University Press, 1979View the Source
The Westminster Confession of Faith
Westminster Assembly, 1646Chapter XXV, Of the Churchthe holders' own accountView the Source
The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion
Church of England, 1571Article XXXVII, Of the Civil Magistratesthe holders' own accountView the Source
The Augsburg Confession
Philipp Melanchthon, 1530Article XXVIII, Of Ecclesiastical PowerView the Source
The Preamble and Declaration of the Church of Ireland
The General Convention of the Church of Ireland, 1870the holders' own account
The Belgic Confession
Guido de Bres, 1561View the Source
The Study of Anglicanism
Stephen Sykes, John Booty and Jonathan Knight (eds.), SPCK / Fortress Press, 1998
The Orthodox Church
Timothy Ware (Kallistos Ware), Penguin Books, 1993The Orthodox rejection of universal jurisdictionView the Source
Encyclopedia of Religion
Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005View the Source
Comments (0)
No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.
Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)
No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.

View At A Past Year

Choose a year to see this entry's facts and connections as the atlas records them at that moment: what it held then, what it held instead, and what it had not yet adopted. Choose Present for the current record.