Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Denominations

Church of Ireland

Also Known As Eaglais na hEireann
Christianity

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The Church of Ireland is the Anglican church of the whole island of Ireland, organised as one body across the border in both jurisdictions. It emerged from the Reformation as the established church of a country whose great majority remained Roman Catholic, a position it held for three centuries without ever holding the population. It was disestablished by act of parliament with effect from 1871, which left it to fund, govern and legislate for itself.

Facts
History
Separation or Divergence
Disestablished by act of parliament with effect from 1871 1
Organisation
Governance
Episcopal: governed by bishops 1
Episcopal, with a General Synod in which the laity vote alongside the clergy and the bishops. It built that synodical government on disestablishment, earlier than most of the Anglican world.
Ordination
Open to women and men 1 4
Women have been ordained to the priesthood since 1990 and the first woman bishop was consecrated in 2013.
Standing of Holy OrdersSourced to the subject's own account
Historic Episcopate 3
Relation to the State
Disestablished 5
The Church of Ireland was established as the state church of Ireland from the sixteenth century Reformation, but Irish Anglicans remained a small minority of the largely Roman Catholic population throughout that establishment; the Irish Church Act 1869, promoted by Prime Minister William Gladstone, disestablished and partly disendowed the church with effect from 1 January 1871, ending its state status while leaving it as a self governing member of the Anglican Communion.
Practice
Liturgical Language
The vernacular 1
The Anglican church of Ireland, matching Church of England and Anglicanism, already carried as vernacular.
Principle of WorshipSourced to the subject's own account
Normative 2
Sacraments RecognisedSourced to the subject's own account
Two 2
Status
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 1
Origins
Place of OriginSourced to the subject's own account
Ireland. 2
Founder
No single founder. Emerged from the sixteenth century Reformation as the established church of a country whose great majority remained Roman Catholic. 2
Sourced to the subject's own accountStates the Reformation origin its own record gives; no reformer is individually named for this church.
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
Trinitarian: one God in three persons 1
The Anglican church of Ireland, matching Anglicanism, already carried as trinitarian.
Defining Doctrinal Position
Chalcedonian: two natures in the one person of Christ (Chalcedon, 451) 1
The Anglican church of Ireland, matching Anglicanism, already carried as chalcedonian.
Confessional Standard
The Book of Common Prayer of the Church of Ireland 1
Confessional StandardSourced to the subject's own account
The Preamble and Declaration of 1870, which stands at the head of the Constitution of the Church of Ireland 3
Confessional StandardSourced to the subject's own account
The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, received and approved in the Preamble and Declaration of 1870 and kept in the church's constitution 2
Position on JustificationSourced to the subject's own account
Faith Alone 2
Position on the EucharistSourced to the subject's own account
Spiritual Reception by Faith 2
Disputed
Position on Predestination
Election Affirmed Reprobation Unstated 2
Sourced to the subject's own accountThe Article is retained and its meaning is not settled. The Irish Articles of 1615, largely the work of James Ussher, were explicitly Calvinist and did name reprobation; the Irish convocation of 1634 adopted the Thirty-Nine Articles and the Irish Articles fell out of use. Neither camp has ever been excluded.
Attributions
Church Family
Anglican 1
Finances
Institutional Wealth or Finances
About 230.59 million euro in the Church's General Funds total funds at the end of 2023, having fallen by about 18.08 million euro during the year, per the Representative Church Body's own Report 2023 to the General Synod. 6
Basis of the Wealth Figure
The Body's Own Published Statistics 6
Financial Disclosure Regime
The Church of Ireland publishes an annual Representative Church Body Report and accounts to its General Synod every year. There is no external regulator requiring this; it is the Church's own longstanding voluntary practice of public reporting. 6
Wealth Figure As Of Year
2023 6
Trajectory
Membership Over Time
By the 2016 census this had fallen 2.0 percent to 126,414. 7
Membership Over Time
Ireland's 2011 census recorded 129,039 people identifying as Church of Ireland in the Republic of Ireland. 7
Membership Over Time
The 2022 census recorded 124,749, a 2 percent increase since 2016, the first rise in the Republic of Ireland series in decades. 8
Membership Figure As Of
2011-01-01 7
Membership Figure As Of
2016-01-01 7
Membership Figure As Of
2022-01-01 8
Basis of the Membership Figure
National Census 8
Learn More
Established Without the People, and Then Disestablished

The anomaly at the centre of the church history is easy to state. The Reformation in Ireland was carried through the institutions of the state and the existing hierarchy without carrying the population, so from the sixteenth century the established church of Ireland was the church of a minority, supported by tithes paid by a Catholic majority and by a substantial Presbyterian population in the north.

That arrangement generated sustained resistance. The tithe war of the 1830s, in which collection was met with organised refusal and in places with violence, ended with tithes converted into a rent charge payable by landlords rather than directly by occupiers, which reduced the confrontation without settling the principle. The Church Temporalities Act of 1833 had already begun reducing the number of bishoprics.

Disestablishment came with the Irish Church Act of 1869, brought forward by Gladstone and taking effect on the first day of 1871. The church ceased to be the state church, its remaining endowment was largely taken and applied to other purposes, and it was left to fund itself. It responded by building its own machinery: a General Synod with laity as well as clergy, a Representative Church Body to hold property, and a revised prayer book. What had been an establishment became a voluntary body, and the transition was managed without a split.

One Church, Two Jurisdictions

The church is organised as a single body for the whole island, with two provinces, Armagh and Dublin, whose dioceses cross the border in several places. That has been true since long before the border existed and the church declined to divide when it appeared. In practice it means a General Synod whose members come from two states with different laws on marriage, education and charity, and a church that has to legislate for both at once.

Doctrinally it is Anglican and, by the standards of the communion, on the reformed side. It retains the Thirty-Nine Articles and the preamble to its constitution states its continuity with the church of earlier centuries while rejecting the jurisdiction of Rome. Its liturgy runs from the older Book of Common Prayer tradition to the revised book of 2004, which prints traditional and contemporary forms in parallel.

It has generally moved earlier than its neighbours on questions of ministry. Women were ordained as deacons and then as priests from 1990, and in 2013 Pat Storey was consecrated Bishop of Meath and Kildare, the first woman to become a bishop in any of the Anglican churches of Britain and Ireland. On other contested questions the synod has proceeded slowly and by agreed statement rather than by vote, which reflects a body that has to hold two political communities together and knows it.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

This source names Church of Ireland directly: "The Church of Ireland Diocese of Connor's own article marking the 30th anniversary of women's ordination, read directly for this pass, which states that the General Synod approved the ordination of..."

This source names Church of Ireland directly: "stating 126,414 people identified as Church of Ireland in the Republic of Ireland in April 2016, a decrease of 2.0 percent on the 2011 census figure of 129,039."

This source names Church of Ireland directly: "stating 124,749 people identified as Church of Ireland or England, Anglican and Episcopalian in the Republic of Ireland, an increase of 2 percent since 2016."

This source names Church of Ireland directly: "The Preamble and Declaration of the Church of Ireland is a primary constitutional document, the actual founding text the Church of Ireland's General Convention adopted in 1870 upon disestablishment..."

Source The Preamble and Declaration of the Church of IrelandThe General Convention of the Church of Irelandthe holders' own account

Belongs to Tradition

Anglican in doctrine and order.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Branch Of

Contained In

A member province of the Anglican Communion.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Critiqued

Eucharistic adoration, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Article XXVIII holds that the sacrament of the Lord's Supper was not by Christ's ordinance reserved, carried about, lifted up, or worshipped.

None (Ninth Hour), Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. None was not carried into the Prayer Book, for the same stated reason.

Prime, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Prime was not carried into the Prayer Book. The Preface Concerning the Service of the Church says plainly that the ancient orders had become so altered and broken that they were put aside for one book with two daily services.

Regulative Principle of Worship, Doctrines

The church holds the normative principle, not the regulative one. Article XX gives the church power to decree rites and ceremonies, and Article XXXIV says traditions and ceremonies need not be alike in all places and may be changed by the authority of each national church. What scripture does not forbid may be ordered, which is the exact inverse of the Reformed rule.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account

It was the established church of Ireland until the Irish Church Act of 1869 took effect on 1 January 1871. It holds no established status now, the crown is not its supreme governor, and it legislates for itself through a General Synod in which the laity vote alongside clergy and bishops. It and the Church of England keep the same articles in opposite constitutional positions.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Seven Sacraments, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Article XXV holds that there are two sacraments ordained of Christ in the Gospel, and that the other five are not to be counted for sacraments of the Gospel.

Sext, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Sext was not carried into the Prayer Book, for the same stated reason.

Terce, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Terce was not carried into the Prayer Book, for the same stated reason.

Veneration of icons, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Article XXII names the worshipping and adoration of images and of relics among the things it calls a fond thing vainly invented and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture.

Veneration of saints and Mary, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Article XXII names the invocation of saints in the same sentence, and the Prayer Book addresses no prayer to any saint.

Rejected Here

Indulgence, Doctrines

Article XXII rejects pardons in the same sentence as purgatory, the worshipping of images and the invocation of saints, as things vainly invented and without warrant of scripture.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Papal primacy and infallibility, Doctrines

The Preamble and Declaration of 1870 constituted the Church of Ireland as a self-governing church which receives and approves the Thirty-Nine Articles and recognises no jurisdiction of the see of Rome over itself. It had held that position as the established church for three centuries in a country whose great majority was Roman Catholic, and it kept it after the state withdrew.

Source The Preamble and Declaration of the Church of IrelandThe General Convention of the Church of Irelandthe holders' own account
Purgatory, Doctrines

Article XXII calls the Romish doctrine concerning purgatory a fond thing vainly invented, grounded upon no warranty of scripture, and rather repugnant to the word of God.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account

Holds Element

Sung as Saint Patrick's Breastplate in Cecil Frances Alexander's versification, at the patronal festival and at ordinations.

Held Differently

1 Esdras, Scriptures & Texts

Named in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1571, among the books the Church reads for example of life and instruction of manners but does not apply to establish any doctrine. Printed and appointed to be read, at a status deliberately short of the canon affirmed at Trent in 1546.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
2 Esdras, Scriptures & Texts

Named in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1571, among the books the Church reads for example of life and instruction of manners but does not apply to establish any doctrine. Printed and appointed to be read, at a status deliberately short of the canon affirmed at Trent in 1546.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Additions to Daniel, Scriptures & Texts

Named in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1571, among the books the Church reads for example of life and instruction of manners but does not apply to establish any doctrine. Printed and appointed to be read, at a status deliberately short of the canon affirmed at Trent in 1546.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Additions to Esther, Scriptures & Texts

Named in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1571, among the books the Church reads for example of life and instruction of manners but does not apply to establish any doctrine. Printed and appointed to be read, at a status deliberately short of the canon affirmed at Trent in 1546.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Apostolic succession, Doctrines

The Preamble and Declaration of 1870 declares that the Church of Ireland continues as the ancient catholic and apostolic church of Ireland and maintains the three orders of bishops, priests and deacons as it has received them. Disestablishment took the state out of its government and did not touch the episcopate.

Source The Preamble and Declaration of the Church of IrelandThe General Convention of the Church of Irelandthe holders' own account
Book of Baruch, Scriptures & Texts

Named in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1571, among the books the Church reads for example of life and instruction of manners but does not apply to establish any doctrine. Printed and appointed to be read, at a status deliberately short of the canon affirmed at Trent in 1546.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Book of Judith, Scriptures & Texts

Named in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1571, among the books the Church reads for example of life and instruction of manners but does not apply to establish any doctrine. Printed and appointed to be read, at a status deliberately short of the canon affirmed at Trent in 1546.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Book of Tobit, Scriptures & Texts

Named in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1571, among the books the Church reads for example of life and instruction of manners but does not apply to establish any doctrine. Printed and appointed to be read, at a status deliberately short of the canon affirmed at Trent in 1546.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Books of the Maccabees, Scriptures & Texts

Named in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1571, among the books the Church reads for example of life and instruction of manners but does not apply to establish any doctrine. Printed and appointed to be read, at a status deliberately short of the canon affirmed at Trent in 1546.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Prayer of Manasseh, Scriptures & Texts

Named in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1571, among the books the Church reads for example of life and instruction of manners but does not apply to establish any doctrine. Printed and appointed to be read, at a status deliberately short of the canon affirmed at Trent in 1546.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Predestination and free will, Doctrines
Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
The Real Presence in the Eucharist, Doctrines

Article XXVIII holds that transubstantiation cannot be proved by holy writ and overthrows the nature of a sacrament, while affirming that the body of Christ is given, taken and eaten only after an heavenly and spiritual manner, the mean of receiving being faith. Article XXIX adds that the wicked are in no wise partakers of Christ. That is a receptionist position, nearer Geneva than Wittenberg.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Wisdom of Sirach, Scriptures & Texts

Named in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1571, among the books the Church reads for example of life and instruction of manners but does not apply to establish any doctrine. Printed and appointed to be read, at a status deliberately short of the canon affirmed at Trent in 1546.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Wisdom of Solomon, Scriptures & Texts

Named in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1571, among the books the Church reads for example of life and instruction of manners but does not apply to establish any doctrine. Printed and appointed to be read, at a status deliberately short of the canon affirmed at Trent in 1546.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Agnus Dei, Prayers

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The offertory sentences of the communion service are a sustained instruction on giving to the poor, and the alms are collected at that point in the rite.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The Prayer Book provides for the visitation and the anointing of the sick, and the Articles decline to number it among the two sacraments of the gospel.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Baptism, Rituals

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Baptism is ordinarily by pouring, and the Articles call it a sign of regeneration by which the promises of forgiveness are visibly signed and sealed.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The baptismal covenant is the framework of the catechism and of the renewal of vows at Easter.

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Religious orders were dissolved in the sixteenth century and refounded from 1841 onward, so that this church now has communities of monks and nuns under vows.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The Thanksgiving of Women after Child-birth, commonly called the Churching of Women, is a service of the Prayer Book.

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Compline, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Compline was not in the sixteenth-century books and was restored in the twentieth, and it is now in general use.

Confession, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Anglicanism keeps auricular confession available but not required, summarised in the maxim that all may, none must, some should; a general confession said by the whole congregation is the ordinary form.

Confirmation, Rituals

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Confirmation is conferred by a bishop at an age of discretion, and the Prayer Book requires the candidate to renew the promises made at baptism in person.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Article XXIII requires that no man take upon himself the office of public preaching before he is lawfully called and sent by men who have public authority in the congregation, and the church keeps the historic threefold ministry. It has ordained women priests since 1990 and consecrated a woman bishop in 2013, which not every Anglican province recognises.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Ecumenism, Doctrines

The Church of Ireland is among the churches of the Porvoo Common Statement, agreed in 1993, and is in communion with the Nordic and Baltic Lutheran churches that signed it. The basis is a shared historic episcopate rather than an agreed confession, which is the Quadrilateral's method applied.

Source Together in Mission and Ministry: The Porvoo Common StatementThe Porvoo Conversations between the British and Irish Anglican Churches and the Nordic and Baltic Lutheran Churches
Fasting, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The Prayer Book sets out a table of the fasts of the church: Ash Wednesday, the forty days of Lent, the ember days, the rogation days and the Fridays of the year.

Funeral Rites, Rituals

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The Order for the Burial of the Dead is in the Prayer Book, and the sixteenth-century books removed the prayers for the dead that the medieval rite had carried.

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Gloria Patri, Prayers

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Holy Orders, Rituals

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The threefold order of bishops, priests and deacons was retained, and since the twentieth century women have been ordained to all three orders in most provinces, which is the sharpest present difference from Rome and the Orthodox churches.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The Articles direct that the baptism of young children is in any wise to be retained as most agreeable with the institution of Christ.

Intinction, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Intinction is widely used, and the church has argued about it, since the Prayer Book directs that the cup be given to each communicant.

Article XI holds that we are accounted righteous before God only for the merit of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ by faith, and not for our own works or deservings. The Church of Ireland keeps the Thirty-Nine Articles in its constitution, so the Article binds here in a way it does not across the Communion as a whole.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The Roman sequence of colours was retained in use and was made explicit again in the modern service books.

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The marriage service of the Prayer Book, with its vow to have and to hold, is the ancestor of the wedding words used across the English-speaking world, including by people of no religion.

Matins, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Morning Prayer is the surviving daily office, and it is Matins and Lauds combined into one service. The reduction of eight hours to two was deliberate and is the plainest liturgical difference between this church and Rome.

Monastic Vows, Rituals

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Vows of poverty, chastity and obedience are made in the refounded religious communities of this church.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Nunc Dimittis, Prayers

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Sunday is kept as the Lord's Day with the duty of public worship, without the sabbatarian rigour the Reformed churches attached to it.

Article IX holds that original sin is the fault and corruption of the nature of every man naturally engendered of the offspring of Adam, whereby man is far gone from original righteousness, and that the infection of nature remains even in the regenerate.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account

Article II holds that Christ truly suffered, was crucified, dead and buried to reconcile his Father to us, and to be a sacrifice not only for original guilt but also for all actual sins of men. The wording runs close to the third article of the Augsburg Confession and states the atonement as a substitutionary sacrifice.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Pilgrimage, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Pilgrimage was suppressed at the Reformation and revived from the nineteenth century onward, most visibly at Walsingham.

Prayer, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Prayer is shaped by a single authorised book rather than by a devotional culture, so that a congregation anywhere says the same words on the same day.

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Sola Fide, Doctrines

Article XI states that we are justified by faith only, and calls it a most wholesome doctrine and very full of comfort. Article XII places good works after justification as its fruits, which cannot put away sins but do please God and follow of necessity from a true faith.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account

Article VI holds that Holy Scripture contains all things necessary to salvation, so that nothing not read in it nor provable by it may be required as an article of faith. Article XX still allows the church authority in controversies of faith, bounded by that scripture, so the sufficiency claimed is for salvation rather than a rejection of received order.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
The Anaphora, Rituals

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The Prayer of Consecration is the Anglican anaphora, and the arrangement of its parts differs between the English, Scottish and American books.

Source The Church Hymnal (TU Dublin and Internet Archive)TU Dublin dissertation author; Internet Archive digitization of a Princeton Theological Seminary copy
The Epiclesis, Rituals

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The invocation of the Spirit was in the 1549 book, removed in 1552, and restored in the Scottish and American books, from which it came back into the modern English ones.

The Fraction, Rituals

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The breaking of the bread is a distinct action of the rite and in the modern books has its own words.

The Grace, Prayers

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Source The Chicago-Lambeth QuadrilateralThe Lambeth Conferencethe holders' own account
Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Anglicans call it Holy Communion, the Eucharist or the Mass according to churchmanship, and the Thirty-Nine Articles reject transubstantiation while leaving the manner of Christ's presence deliberately undefined.

Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The words of institution stand in the Prayer of Consecration, and the Articles deny that the sacrament was ordained to be gazed upon or carried about.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The book is Anglicanism's common thread in place of a magisterium, holding morning and evening prayer, communion, baptism, marriage and burial in one volume in the people's hands. Each province has its own version and modern-language rites are now more used, but the 1662 book remains legally established in England.

Vespers, Practices

Kept in the Church of Ireland.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Sources
1. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005View the Source
2. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion
Church of England, 1571the Articles retained in the Church of Ireland constitutionthe holders' own accountView the Source
3. The Preamble and Declaration of the Church of Ireland
The General Convention of the Church of Ireland, 1870The declaration adopted in 1870 on the church's constitution, orders and standardsthe holders' own account
4. 30th Anniversary of the Ordination of Women in the Church of Ireland (Diocese of Connor)
Church of Ireland, Diocese of Connor
5. Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024View the Source
6. Church of Ireland, The Representative Church Body Report 2023
Representative Church Body of the Church of Ireland, Church of Ireland General Synod, 2023View the Source
7. Census of Population 2016 Profile 8: Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion (CSO Ireland)
Central Statistics Office, Ireland, 2017View the Source
8. Census of Population 2022 Profile 5: Diversity, Migration, Ethnicity, Irish Travellers and Religion (CSO Ireland)
Central Statistics Office, Ireland, 2023View the Source
Together in Mission and Ministry: The Porvoo Common Statement
The Porvoo Conversations between the British and Irish Anglican Churches and the Nordic and Baltic Lutheran Churches, 1993The signatory churches of the 1993 statement
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