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Catherine of Siena

Also Known As Siena
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Catherine of Siena was a Dominican tertiary of a Sienese dyer's family who became a public figure in the politics of the fourteenth century church, writing to popes and princes and pressing for the return of the papacy from Avignon to Rome. Her Dialogue, dictated in Italian, presents an exchange between a soul and God and is among the works that made Tuscan a language of religious prose. She was canonized in 1461 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1970, one of the first two women given that title.

Facts
Life
Lifespan or Floruit
1347 to 1380 1
Office Held
Declared a Doctor of the Church in 1970, among the first women to be so named 1
Place of Activity
Siena, Avignon and Rome; a Dominican tertiary who never entered a convent 1
Manner of Death Detail
She died in Rome in 1380 at thirty three after a stroke that left her partially paralyzed, her health broken by years of extreme fasting that later scholarship has examined through the lens of what some historians term holy anorexia, an ascetic practice rather than a modern clinical diagnosis. 1
Identity
Gender
Female 1
Origins
Place of Origin
Born in Siena as one of some twenty five children of a wool dyer, Giacomo Benincasa, she took a vow of virginity at seven and joined the Dominican tertiaries, the Mantellate, as a young woman rather than entering a cloistered convent. 1
Veneration
Patronage
Declared a patron saint of Italy jointly with Francis of Assisi in 1939, and named one of the patron saints of Europe by Pope John Paul II in 1999. 1
Attestation
Historicity
Historically attested 1
Historically attested, with nearly four hundred surviving letters
Position Profile
Key Text
Her Dialogue, dictated in Italian and presenting an exchange between a soul and God, is among the works that made Tuscan a language of religious prose. 1
Publications
Notable Publication
The Dialogue, dictated in 1378, and the letters, which include her repeated pressure on Gregory XI to return the papacy from Avignon to Rome 1
Learn More
A Tertiary Who Would Not Stay Home

Catherine was the twenty fourth or twenty fifth child of a Sienese dyer, and her family wanted her married. She cut off her hair, refused, was set to work as a household servant to break her resistance, and outlasted them. She then joined the Mantellate, Dominican tertiaries, mostly widows, who wore the habit and lived at home rather than in a convent, and she spent about three years in near total silence in a room in her father's house.

That period ended with what she describes as an instruction to go out, and everything afterwards is public. She nursed plague victims and lepers in Siena, gathered around her an unlikely following of men and women, priests, poets and politicians, who called her Mamma although she was younger than nearly all of them, and began dictating letters. Nearly four hundred survive, addressed to popes, to the king of France, to a queen of Naples, to mercenary captains, to prisoners under sentence of death.

Their tone is the striking thing. She writes to Gregory XI addressing him as Babbo, daddy, and telling him in the same breath to stop being a coward and to act like the man God appointed. She could not write when she began and dictated to secretaries; she learned later. No woman of her century occupied a comparable public position without either royal birth or a religious office, and she had neither.

Avignon, the Schism, and the Dialogue

The papacy had been at Avignon for seventy years, and Catherine made its return her cause. She wrote to Gregory XI repeatedly, went to Avignon in person in 1376 as an envoy of Florence, then at war with the papacy, and pressed him directly. He returned to Rome in 1377. How much of that was her doing is argued, since the political pressures were considerable, but she was in the room.

What followed was the catastrophe of her life. Gregory died in 1378, the election of Urban VI was disputed, a rival was chosen, and the Western church split into two obediences with two colleges of cardinals for the next forty years. Catherine spent her remaining two years in Rome campaigning for Urban, writing to every ruler in Europe to hold them to his obedience, while writing to Urban himself about his violent temper and warning him that he was losing men by it. She had helped bring back a papacy that promptly fractured.

She died in Rome in 1380, at thirty three, worn out and by her own description having offered her life for the church. The Dialogue, dictated in 1378, is her one systematic work: a conversation between a soul and God built on the image of Christ as a bridge over a flood. She was canonised in 1461, named a Doctor of the Church in 1970 alongside Teresa of Avila, the first two women given the title, and made a patron of Europe in 1999.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

This source names Catherine of Siena directly: "collection API record for "Saint Catherine of Siena Receiving the Stigmata," a tempera and gold on wood panel by Giovanni di Paolo, ca."

Catherine spent the last two years of her life in Rome campaigning for the obedience of Urban VI, having shortly before helped persuade his predecessor to return the papacy from Avignon.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Belongs to Tradition

Depicted In

The Met's own title for this panel names the subject outright, "Saint Catherine of Siena," a direct identification rather than a bare thematic tag.

Sources
1. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005View the Source
Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024View the Source
Saint Catherine of Siena Receiving the Stigmata, accession 1975.1.34 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Metropolitan Museum of ArtDepicted In: Saint Catherine of Siena Receiving the Stigmata (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975.1.34), accession 1975.1.34View the Source
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