Home›Initiatory Rituals›Tradition›Conservative JudaismDenominationConservative JudaismJudaismPractitioner SystemVerifiedOrigin 1845 to 1913A centrist movement, known outside North America as Masorti, seeking a middle path between Orthodox and Reform Judaism. It affirms that halakha, Jewish law, is binding and to be observed, yet holds that the law has always developed through history and may be adapted by trained rabbis using modern critical scholarship. Thus it keeps the traditional shape of worship, the Hebrew liturgy, the Sabbath, and the dietary laws, while allowing considered changes, such as the ordination of women and the use of historical methods in Torah study. It grew in the later nineteenth and twentieth centuries from those who found Reform too radical in discarding tradition and Orthodoxy too resistant to change. Positioned between the two, it prizes both fidelity to Jewish law and openness to the modern world, and is guided by its own rabbinical assembly and law committee.FactsLearn MoreConservative JudaismConnectionsSourcesEssays About This Entity (4 essays)CommunityComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsBeliefDefining Doctrinal PositionWell-attestedHalakha binding, but developing through scholarship 1Tradition: JudaismPosition on MarriageWell-attestedMarriage is held to be monogamous, with remarriage after divorce sanctioned under specified conditions 2Conservative Judaism retains the halakhic structure of kiddushin (betrothal) and a ketubah (marriage contract), egalitarian in the Conservative movement's own practice, with monogamy assumed and polygyny never sanctioned in Conservative practice. Divorce requires a get, a formal bill of divorce; the movement's Joint Beit Din applies mechanisms including hafka'at kiddushin (retroactive annulment) and the Lieberman clause to address the agunah problem where a husband withholds a get, so that a woman is not permanently barred from remarriage.Position on SexualityWell-attested formerlySourced to the subject's own accountThe body holds no single settled position; the question is actively and openly contested within it 3Sexuality Position DetailWell-attestedOn 31 May 2012 the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards approved, 13 to 0 with one abstention, an appendix by Rabbis Elliot Dorff, Daniel Nevins and Avram Reisner titled "Rituals and Documents of Marriage and Divorce for Same-Sex Couples," offering two model same-sex wedding ceremonies and same-sex divorce guidelines. This did not resolve the movement's own underlying divide from the 2006 twin responsa; it extended practical ritual guidance to congregations and rabbis who follow the Dorff, Nevins and Reisner position, while Rabbi Joel Roth's competing 2006 responsum, maintaining the traditional prohibition, remains equally valid Conservative practice under the movement's rule of halakhic pluralism. 2Sexuality Position DetailWell-attestedSourced to the subject's own accountOn 6 December 2006 the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards approved two contradictory responsa in the same session under the movement's own rule of halakhic pluralism, whereby a position reaching the sitting majority stands as valid Conservative practice even when a competing view also passes. The Dorff, Nevins and Reisner responsum (thirteen in favor, twelve opposed) permits the ordination of gay and lesbian rabbis and same-sex commitment ceremonies while retaining the traditional textual prohibition on the specific act of male anal intercourse. Rabbi Joel Roth's responsum (thirteen in favor, eight opposed, four abstaining) maintains the traditional prohibition in full and calls for celibacy rather than ordination or a blessed union. Individual rabbis, congregations, and the movement's own seminaries independently choose which position to follow, so no single Conservative position on ordination or same-sex marriage exists; this fact is written as debated-unsettled rather than flattened to either side. 3OrganisationGovernanceWell-attestedDelegated representation from congregations up to a general conference 1The Rabbinical Assembly, the United Synagogue and the Jewish Theological Seminary, with the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards issuing rulings that congregations may follow.OrdinationWell-attestedOpen to women and men 1PracticeLiturgical LanguageWell-attestedHebrew 1Liturgical LanguageWell-attestedThe vernacular 1TrajectoryMembership Over TimeWell-attestedPew Research Center's "Jewish Americans in 2020" survey found 17 percent of US Jewish adults identifying as Conservative, a small decline from its 2013 survey, with the Center's companion analysis finding Reform had gained members through denominational switching over the same period while Conservative had lost some. 5Membership Over TimeWell-attestedPew Research Center's 2013 survey of Jewish Americans found that 18 percent of US Jewish adults identified as Conservative, the second largest branch after Reform, a figure the Center's own 2020 survey later cites for comparison. 5Membership Figure As OfWell-attested2013-01-01 5Membership Figure As OfWell-attested2020-01-01 5Basis of the Membership FigureWell-attestedIndependent Survey 5OriginsOrigin PeriodWell-attested1845 to 1913 1Place of OriginWell-attestedBreslau and New York 1FounderWell-attestedSolomon Schechter (1847-1915), on the Positive-Historical school of Zacharias Frankel (1801-1875). 1HistorySeparation or DivergenceWell-attestedReform, over the 1883 Cincinnati banquet and the 1885 Pittsburgh Platform 1Separation or DivergenceWell-attestedThe Jewish Theological Seminary was founded in 1886 by those who held that Reform had gone too far 1Date of SeparationWell-attested1883 to 1913 1StatusStatus TodayWell-attestedLiving tradition, practised today 1GivingStanding Giving ExpectationWell-attestedMost Conservative congregations still run on a conventional dues model rather than Reform's voluntary shift: in congregations of two hundred members or more, dues typically fund about half of the annual operating budget, the rest raised through other giving. The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism's own finance office now runs a multi-year initiative helping congregations weigh flexible alternatives, but most member congregations had not adopted one as of this reporting. No single dues figure applies across congregations, since each sets its own budget and rate. 4How the Expectation Is EnforcedWell-attestedObligation to Support, No Set Rate 4Learn MoreThe Middle That Had to Be Argued For Conservative Judaism, called Masorti outside North America, was built to occupy a position that its founders thought obvious and that both its neighbours regard as unstable: that Jewish law is genuinely binding and genuinely historical. Its intellectual origin is the Positive-Historical school of Zacharias Frankel in nineteenth-century Germany, who walked out of a Reform rabbinical conference in 1845 over the proposal to abandon Hebrew as the language of prayer. Frankel held that Judaism is the possession of the whole people and develops through their practice over time, so that change is legitimate when it grows from the tradition and illegitimate when it is imposed on it by reformers with a programme. In America the movement took institutional shape around the Jewish Theological Seminary, refounded in 1902 under Solomon Schechter, and it grew enormously in the mid-twentieth century among immigrant families who wanted a Judaism that was recognisably traditional and comfortably American. For a period after the Second World War it was the largest Jewish denomination in the United States. The characteristic move is to accept the findings of critical scholarship about the composition and history of the biblical text while continuing to treat the law derived from it as commanded. Orthodoxy holds that the first position destroys the ground of the second. Reform holds that the second is an unnecessary burden once the first is granted. Conservative Judaism holds that the covenant obliges the people whether or not the text descended in one piece at Sinai, and that the argument from history is precisely what licenses careful development. Whether that position is coherent is the single most argued question about the movement, and it is argued inside it as much as outside.Rulings, and the Ones That Mattered Conservative Judaism is unusual in having an actual legislature for halakha, which is what its theory requires: if the law develops, someone must be authorised to develop it. That body is the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, attached to the Rabbinical Assembly. It considers formal responsa and adopts them by vote, and, crucially, it may adopt more than one position on a question, leaving individual rabbis to choose which to follow for their congregations. Very few things are declared standards binding on all. The result is a movement with real legal machinery and deliberate internal pluralism, which critics on both sides read as either rigour or as a way of avoiding decisions. Three rulings define it in practice. In 1950 the committee permitted driving to synagogue on the Sabbath, on the reasoning that suburban Jews who could not walk would otherwise not attend at all; it is the most criticised decision the movement has made, held by its own later scholars to have accelerated the decline of walkable Jewish neighbourhoods. In 1983 the Jewish Theological Seminary voted to ordain women as rabbis, after years of dispute that led a traditionalist minority to leave and found the Union for Traditional Judaism. And in 2006 the committee adopted contradictory opinions on homosexuality, one retaining the traditional prohibition and one permitting the ordination and marriage of gay and lesbian Jews, with individual institutions free to follow either; the seminaries moved to ordain. On patrilineal descent the movement went the other way. Reform recognised the child of a Jewish father as Jewish in 1983; Conservative Judaism did not, and continues to require matrilineal descent or conversion, which keeps its conversions and marriages closer to Orthodox recognition without securing it.Conservative JudaismFilter Results2 entriesOrigin Period Start YearAll1200 (1)FrequencyAllAs the occasion requires (1)Once, or at a turning point in a life (1)Life Stage MarkedAllComing of age (1)Entry into the community or the order (1)ObligationAllOptional and voluntary (1)Scholarly StandingAllA standard analytic category in the study of religion (1)Used, but its validity as a comparative category is disputed (1)Social FormAllPerformed by a gathered group (1)Performed by an officiant for a recipient (1)Practice StatusAllLiving tradition, practised today (1)PractitionerAllThe candidate undergoing the rite (2)Native To RegionAllAncient Israel (1)Originated InAllAncient Israel (1)Originates In LanguageAllHebrew (1)Kind of ritualAllJewish and Islamic Coming-of-Age and Conversion Rites (2)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 2Bar / Bat MitzvahConservative JudaismGiyurConservative JudaismConnectionsAssociated WithHomosexuality, Human Dignity and Halakhah: A Combined Responsum for the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, Sources Well-attested This source names Conservative Judaism directly: "Its limit is scope: it documents one recognized position within Conservative Judaism specifically, adopted alongside other responsa the same committee approved that year, and it carries no authority..."Source Homosexuality, Human Dignity and Halakhah: A Combined Responsum for the Committee on Jewish Law and StandardsElliot N. Dorff, Daniel S. Nevins and Avram I. Reisnertier 1the holders' own accountMinyan, Religious Organization & Structure Well-attested Source The Babylonian TalmudAnonymous (multiple authors)tier 1Zacharias Frankel (reference article), Sources Well-attested This source names Conservative Judaism directly: "Historical Judaism and forerunner of Conservative Judaism, maintained through Wikipedia's ordinary community editing process rather than a fixed editorial board."Source Zacharias Frankel (reference article)Wikipedia contributorstier 3Belongs to TraditionJudaism, Religions Well-attested Branch OfJudaism, Religions Well-attested Governed By PolityRepresentative Conference Polity, Doctrines Well-attested Held DifferentlyAmidah, Hymns & Liturgical Texts Well-attested Held DifferentlyKept in Hebrew and at full length, with the petitions for the restoration of the sacrifices recast so that they recall the offerings rather than ask for their return.Source Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive HistoryIsmar Elbogen, translated by Raymond P. Scheindlintier 1Beit Din, Religious Organization & Structure Well-attested Held DifferentlyConservative Judaism maintains its own courts applying halakhah through its own law committee, and their conversions and divorces are not recognised by the Orthodox rabbinate.Minyan, Religious Organization & Structure Well-attested Held DifferentlyConservative practice counts adults of either sex, a change made by its law committee and adopted congregation by congregation rather than imposed.Mishneh Torah, Other Writings Well-attested Held DifferentlyThe Mishneh Torah is consulted as an authoritative reference, read through this stream's own halakhic process rather than treated as final.Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)tier 1Shulchan Aruch, Other Writings Well-attested Held DifferentlyThe Shulchan Aruch is consulted as an authoritative reference, read through this stream's own halakhic process rather than treated as final.Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)tier 1The Western Wall, Sacred Sites Well-attested Held DifferentlyConservative Judaism holds the wall while contesting the Orthodox monopoly over its prayer arrangements, and prays at the southern section by Robinson's arch where mixed prayer is permitted.Covenant, Doctrines Well-attested Held DifferentlyThe covenant is held as binding and as historically developing, which is the ground on which this stream both keeps halakha and revises it.Holds ElementKippah, Religious Dress & Vestments Well-attested Head covering is expected at prayer and at study, and is worn by women as well as men in most Conservative congregations.Nusach, Sacred Sound Well-attested Kept as the marker of which service is being prayed, and taught to cantors as a discipline in its own right.Rabbi, Religious Roles & Titles Well-attested The Conservative movement has ordained women since 1985, having debated the question at its seminary for more than a decade first.Source Women Who Would Be Rabbis: A History of Women's Ordination, 1889-1985Pamela S. Nadelltier 1Tallit, Religious Dress & Vestments Well-attested The prayer shawl is worn at the morning service and the movement decided that women are obligated in it on the same terms as men.Tefillin, Sacred Objects & Ritual Items Well-attested Retained as an obligation, and the movement ruled that women who take it on are obligated in it on the same terms as men.Torah Scroll, Sacred Objects & Ritual Items Well-attested The scroll is read on the traditional cycle, and the movement permits a woman to be called up to it and to read from it.Rejected HereThe Pittsburgh Conference of 1885, Councils and Synods Well-attested Rejected HereThe Conservative movement began in reaction to this platform. Its founders held that the platform had cut the tradition loose from the practice of the Jewish people, and the Jewish Theological Seminary was established the following year in answer to it.Source The Pittsburgh PlatformCentral Conference of American Rabbis (predecessor gathering)tier 1the holders' own accountObjects and Practices of This TraditionSofer, Religious Roles & Titles Well-attested Conservative congregations use Torah scrolls written by a qualified sofer to the halakhic standard.Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)tier 1Talmud, Scriptures & Texts Well-attested The Talmud is held as authoritative, applied and developed through this stream's own rabbinical law committee.Source Homosexuality, Human Dignity and Halakhah: A Combined Responsum for the Committee on Jewish Law and StandardsElliot N. Dorff, Daniel S. Nevins and Avram I. Reisnertier 1the holders' own accountTanakh, Scriptures & Texts Well-attested The Tanakh is held as scripture, read together with modern historical and critical scholarship.Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)tier 1Teshuvah, Doctrines Well-attested Repentance is held and the days of awe are kept in their traditional shape, with the liturgy largely retained.The covenant between God and Israel, Beliefs & Restrictions Well-attested Conservative Judaism understands the covenant as a lasting bond that carries real obligation, and it is this that grounds its insistence on observance against the more voluntary approach of Reform.Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)tier 1Tikkun olam, Doctrines Well-attested Repair of the world is held in both senses, the liturgical phrase and the modern call to social responsibility, without either displacing the other.Torah, Scriptures & Texts Well-attested The Torah is held as divinely revealed, its transmission and text read through modern critical scholarship.Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)tier 1Torah min HaShamayim, Doctrines Well-attested Divine revelation is affirmed while the Torah's transmission and text are read through modern historical and critical scholarship, distinguishing this stream from Orthodoxy's literal Sinai dictation.Source Homosexuality, Human Dignity and Halakhah: A Combined Responsum for the Committee on Jewish Law and StandardsElliot N. Dorff, Daniel S. Nevins and Avram I. Reisnertier 1the holders' own accountYahrzeit, Practices Well-attested The Yahrzeit is kept.Yizkor, Prayers Well-attested Yizkor is said on Yom Kippur and the festivals.Showing 51 to 60 of 60 in Objects and Practices of This Tradition, page 2 of 2.← Previous12Originated InNew York, Regions Well-attested Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)tier 1Originates in LanguageHebrew, Languages Well-attested Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)tier 1Position OnHalakha, Doctrines Well-attested Halakha as binding but historically developing, so that scholarly conclusions may change the law.Related ToChalitzah, Rituals Well-attested The Conservative movement abolished the requirement of chalitzah in the twentieth century.Source The Oxford Dictionary of World ReligionsJohn Bowker (ed.)tier 1Uses Liturgical LanguageHebrew, Languages Well-attested Vernacular Language, Languages Well-attested Sources1. Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editiontier 1Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.), Macmillan Reference USA, 2007s.v. Conservative JudaismOriginated In: New York, Stored origin-place property on this entity, cited to this source: Breslau and New YorkView the Source2. Conservative Rabbis Approve Same-Sex Marriage Ceremony Guidelines (Jewish Telegraphic Agency)tier 2Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 2012the stated position on marriage and the 2012 supporting detail on the stated position on sexualityView the Source3. Homosexuality, Human Dignity and Halakhah: A Combined Responsum for the Committee on Jewish Law and Standardstier 1Elliot N. Dorff, Daniel S. Nevins and Avram I. Reisner, Rabbinical Assembly, 2006the holders' own accountView the Source4. Alternative Dues Models and the Larger Paradigm Shift in Synagogue Lifetier 2Robert Evans and Bryan Schwartzman, eJewishPhilanthropy, 2015View the Source5. Jewish Americans in 2020tier 1Pew Research Center, 2021View the SourceWomen Who Would Be Rabbis: A History of Women's Ordination, 1889-1985tier 1Pamela S. Nadell, Beacon Press, 1998View the SourceJewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive Historytier 1Ismar Elbogen, translated by Raymond P. Scheindlin, Jewish Publication Society and Jewish Theological Seminary, 1993View the SourceThe Pittsburgh Platformtier 1Central Conference of American Rabbis (predecessor gathering), 1885the holders' own accountView the SourceThe Babylonian Talmudtier 1Anonymous (multiple authors), Soncino Press, 1935Bava Metzia 59bQuote, Bava Metzia 59bThe oven of Akhnai passage, on the law being decided by human argument rather than by heavenly voice, is central to the Conservative case for development.View the SourceEssays About This Entity (4 essays)One Sixteenth Century Law Code, Four Different Relationships to It TodayConsulted as an authoritative reference, read through its own halakhic processRead the EssayOne Word for a Jewish Court, Three Different Claims About What It IsOwn courts under its own law committee, unrecognised by the Orthodox rabbinateRead the EssayThree Jewish Movements Count Women in the Minyan, for Three Different ReasonsThe change made through its own law committee, congregation by congregationRead the EssayOne Legal Code, Four AnswersWeighs it inside its own legal process rather than as finalRead the EssayCommunity0 members · 21 organizationsVisit This CommunityBrowse OrganizationsOrganizations In This TraditionAmerican Jewish UniversityLos Angeles VerifiedAnshe Emet SynagogueChicago VerifiedHavurah VerifiedJewish Theological SeminaryNew York VerifiedKehillat Or TzionManchesterKol Nefesh Masorti Synagogue VerifiedLeeds MasortiLeedsLiverpool Masorti CommunityLiverpoolMasorti JudaismLondonMosaic Masorti Synagogue VerifiedNew Essex Masorti Synagogue VerifiedNew London Synagogue VerifiedShowing 12 of 21 organizations.Comments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.View At A Past YearChoose a year to see this entry's facts and connections as the atlas records them at that moment: what it held then, what it held instead, and what it had not yet adopted. Choose Present for the current record.YearPresent20061845Show This Year