Judaism

Tzimtzum is a doctrine of Lurianic Kabbalah, a school of Jewish mysticism founded by Isaac Luria.

The tradition's liturgical, scriptural or ancestral language belongs to this family.

Philo of Alexandria's Platonic reading of Jewish scripture was produced in and shaped by the city's intellectual culture.

Antwerp holds one of Europe's largest Hasidic communities.

Aramaic is the language of the Babylonian Talmud, the Kaddish, and parts of the Passover Haggadah such as Ha Lachma Anya.

The largest Jewish community in Latin America, concentrated in Buenos Aires and targeted in the 1992 and 1994 bombings.

Ashkenazi Jewry is one of the two great branches of rabbinic Judaism, alongside the Sephardic.

The Babylonian exile and the academies that produced the Babylonian Talmud both belong here.

Issued the harshest writ of herem the Amsterdam Portuguese-Jewish community had ever pronounced against him in 1656, never rescinded; went on to write foundational works of modern biblical criticism.

Toledo held a major Jewish community until the expulsion of 1492.

Poland and Hungary held some of Europe's largest Jewish communities, and Hasidism began in the region.

The community the bull enclosed.

The caves along its northwestern shore produced copies of every book of the Hebrew Bible except Esther, a thousand years older than any then known.

The era of Israelite religion centred on Solomon's temple.

Hebrew is the liturgical and canonical language of Judaism, the language of the Tanakh and of the synagogue service.

Sepharad is the Hebrew name for Iberia, and the Sephardic tradition takes its name from it.

About 73 to 74% of the population is Jewish.

Holds the Newark Holy Stones, purporting to demonstrate an ancient Hebrew presence in North America.

The kingdom gives Judaism its name.

His conjunction theory was taken up by later medieval Jewish astrologers, including Abraham bar Hiyya and Ibn Gabirol, and applied specifically to Jewish history.

The Alexandrian diaspora and the Septuagint translation it produced

The Hebrew Bible records Israel's dealings with Moab in both hostility and kinship.

A Jewish presence attested for two millennia, reduced by emigration after 1948 to some two thousand people; the 2011 constitution names the Hebraic component of Moroccan identity.

The Assembly of Jewish Notables of 1806 and the Grand Sanhedrin of 1807, convened to fix the terms on which French Jews were citizens.

A national library, not a Jewish body. It holds the Leningrad Codex, the oldest complete Masoretic Hebrew Bible, in the Firkovich collection.

The synagogues, schools, libraries and communal institutions of German and then European Jewry were destroyed under this state.

The fourth section rejects the charge of collective guilt and decries antisemitism at any time and from any source.

Two of the defining statements of American Judaism, in 1885 and in 1999, were adopted in this city.

The Hebrew Bible reports it of the patriarchs, and Jewish law restricted it later by enactment rather than by scripture.

Provencal Jewry produced Talmudists and kabbalists, and the Sefer ha-Bahir first circulated there.

The crossing is recited every Passover in the Haggadah and is the founding image of deliverance in Jewish liturgy.

Some five million Jews were confined to the Pale of Settlement and left unprotected in the pogroms of 1881 and 1882 and of 1903 to 1906.

The Babylonian academies of Sura and Pumbedita produced the Babylonian Talmud under Sasanian rule, with the exilarch as the community's recognised head.

The Second Temple Period shaped the Pharisee, Sadducee and Essene movements from which rabbinic Judaism emerged.

The measures of 167 BCE against the Temple provoked the Maccabean revolt and produced Judaism's first literature of martyrdom and resurrection.

The tradition's liturgical, scriptural or ancestral language belongs to this family.

Sephardic Jewry is one of the two great branches of rabbinic Judaism, alongside the Ashkenazi.

Jewish religious life was dismantled, and the refusenik movement over emigration became an international issue in the 1970s and 1980s.

Odessa's Jewish community, one of the largest in the Russian Empire, was the pogrom's target, its homes and businesses looted and burned and its members killed over the days of rioting.

Ukraine's Jewish population across roughly five hundred towns and villages was the wave's target throughout its two and a half years.

The Jewish communities of Hebron and Safed, along with Jewish residents of Jerusalem and smaller settlements, bore the heaviest losses of the week's violence.

Eastern Thrace's Jewish communities were the pogrom's target, their homes and businesses looted and burned until most fled the region within days.

The Jewish communities of Tripoli and the surrounding Tripolitanian towns were the pogrom's target, their synagogues, homes and businesses looted or destroyed and their members killed across five days of violence.

Jewish Holocaust survivors sheltering in Kielce were the pogrom's target, attacked in their own committee building and on trains passing through the city.

The Jewish Babylonian Aramaic bowls draw on rabbinic legal form, including the writ of divorce.

Named Jewish clans of Yathrib are constituent parties to the document.

The Jewish community of Baghdad was the pogrom's target, its homes, businesses and residents attacked specifically as Jewish, in violence that coincided with the festival of Shavuot.

The rescript covered the Jewish millet on the same terms as the Christian ones.

The Shoah stands at the centre of modern Jewish thought and observance, from post Holocaust theology to Yom HaShoah.

The tribunal's founding target was the conversos, Jews converted under pressure whose descendants it pursued for generations after the expulsion of 1492.

A national art and archaeology museum, not a Jewish religious body. Both its best known holdings, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Aleppo Codex, are Jewish texts.

The museum holds the Copper Scroll and a large share of the Dead Sea Scrolls material excavated before 1967, the documentary record of a Second Temple period Jewish movement.

Rabbinic ordinances ending polygyny and unilateral divorce in Ashkenazi Jewish practice.

The Venetian Ghetto, established in 1516, gave the word ghetto to every language; Venetian presses printed the first complete Rabbinic Bible.

Vienna's Jewish community produced Herzl and Freud and was destroyed from 1938.

The institute owns the Aleppo Codex, the manuscript Maimonides consulted and declared the one he relied on.

After the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, the sages of Yavneh transferred rites belonging to the Temple into the synagogue and the home.

Prescribed in Exodus 30 for consecrating the Tabernacle, priesthood and kings.

Saturday is Shabbat, the weekly day of rest and the most sacred day of the Jewish calendar.

Derived from the tradition recorded on the mantra, Judaism and Christianity.

Derived from the tradition recorded on the mantra, Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee was founded to serve Jewish communities in crisis worldwide and remains the overseas relief and rescue arm of the American Jewish community, so linked to Judaism at the religion level rather than to any one denomination or movement.

Derived from the tradition recorded on the mantra, Judaism (Kabbalistic liturgy).

Jewish tradition supplies the machinery, the ranked hosts, the named archangels, and above all the seventy-two-fold divine name unfolded from three verses of Exodus, from which the magical current derives its angels. Rabbinic Judaism warns against petitioning them rather than God.

Avodah belongs to Judaism, its own Origin field names Second Temple Jerusalem practice continued in later liturgical form.

Used in the weekly Havdalah ceremony closing the Sabbath.

The office of the Beta Israel, chanted in Ge'ez by their own priesthood without a Hebrew prayer book.

A Jewish berakhah is framed as praise of God rather than as a request.

Jewish practice lights two candles to begin Shabbat, and a yahrzeit lamp on the anniversary of a death.

Clergy or specialist role within Judaism.

The historic central synagogue of Aleppo's Jewish community and, for centuries, the guarded keeper of the Aleppo Codex.

The Western ritual tradition took its divine names, its sefirotic scheme and its Hebrew from Jewish sources, largely through Christian intermediaries. This is appropriation rather than transmission, and rabbinic Judaism has consistently rejected the practical use made of the material.

A rabbi is a teacher and an authority on law, not a priest. Prayer, marriage and burial can all be conducted by a competent layperson, and the priestly caste that did have exclusive functions lost them with the Temple.

A synagogue is constituted and funded by its own members and is not territorially assigned. It requires a quorum for certain prayers rather than a functionary.

Clergy or specialist role within Judaism.

Jewish sources supply much of the early material, the shedim of the Talmud, Lilith, Asmodeus from Tobit, and the fallen watchers of Enoch, which later Christian and grimoire demonology took up. Rabbinic Judaism records the lore without building a system for commanding it.

Its own text: "the outer garment of the High Priest of Israel, described in Exodus."

One of the two women with a book of the Hebrew Bible named for her, and the figure a whole festival is built around.

Flavius Josephus, priest and historian of Second Temple Judea, belongs to Judaism, its own tradition field.

Clergy or specialist role within Judaism.

Archangel of Yesod on the Kabbalistic Tree of Life.

Gabriel is named in the Book of Daniel, where he interprets the visions.

The Tree of Life and its sefirot, drawn from Jewish mysticism by way of the Western esoteric tradition, supply part of the system's diagram. Kabbalists both traditional and academic regard such use, detached from Torah and Hebrew, as something other than Kabbalah.

Archangel of Netzach on the Kabbalistic Tree of Life.

One of only two kings of Judah whom the book of Kings praises without reservation, for removing the high places as well as for trusting in the Lord.

Signature practice of Breslov Hasidism

Central discipline of Chabad Hasidism

The system's nine centres are laid over a modified Tree of Life taken from Jewish mysticism through the Western esoteric tradition; the diagram is borrowed and the sefirot renamed and renumbered, and no Kabbalistic content travels with it.

JFNA is a transdenominational umbrella for North America's local Jewish Federations, spanning all streams of organized Jewish communal life, so linked to Judaism at the religion level rather than to any one denomination.

The book of Kings says of no other king that he turned to the Lord with all his heart, soul and might according to all the law of Moses.

Kabbalah is Judaism's own mystical tradition, studied with a teacher after a full grounding in Talmud and law, its central image the ten sefirot through which the unknowable Ein Sof pours itself, so that keeping the commandments is held to repair the divine order itself.

Archangel of Geburah on the Kabbalistic Tree of Life.

The same hand is worn in the Jewish communities of the Maghreb and the wider Mediterranean.

Sets variations on the traditional chant for the Kol Nidre declaration of the Yom Kippur evening service.

A patriarchal-cycle figure of the Genesis narrative.

The revolt was fought to restore traditional Jewish worship against the Seleucid crown's ban on central Jewish practices and its rededication of the Temple altar to a foreign cult. The Maccabees' recapture and purification of the Temple, commemorated as Hanukkah, was itself the revolt's central religious act.

The mashgiach, in both the kashrut and the yeshiva sense, is a Jewish supervisory office.

Metatron belongs to Jewish mystical and Merkabah literature, where he is called the Prince of the Countenance and the lesser YHVH. He is not a shared figure across Christian or Islamic angelology, and the atlas does not present him as one.

Archangel of Hod on the Kabbalistic Tree of Life.

Michael is named in the Book of Daniel as the prince who stands for Israel.

Clergy or specialist role within Judaism.

A Hasidic form, and through Hasidism a form now heard across a much wider part of Jewish practice.

Genesis 6 to 9: built at God's instruction to carry Noah, his household and the animals through the flood.

Gematria, the reckoning of Hebrew letters as numbers so that words of equal value are read as connected, is a standard tool of rabbinic interpretation and of Kabbalah, used to draw meaning out of the text rather than to profile a person's character.

Jewish semikhah is the setting apart of a person to religious office by the laying on of hands.

The principal synagogue of Amsterdam's Sephardic Jewish community, built by Portuguese and Spanish Jewish refugees.

The posek, the individual halakhic decisor, is a classical Jewish office built on the codes and responsa literature.

Its own text: "worn over the ephod by the High Priest", holding the Urim and Thummim.

Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel was a tanna of the Mishnaic rabbinic period.

Clergy or specialist role within Judaism.

Rabbi Pinchas ben Yair was a tanna of the Mishnaic rabbinic period.

Raphael is named in the Book of Tobit and in the Enochic literature of the Second Temple period.

Archangel of Tiphareth on the Kabbalistic Tree of Life.

Raziel, the secret of God, belongs to Jewish angelological literature. The legend that names him author of the Sefer Raziel, said to have been given to Adam, is part of that material.

The rebbetzin is an informal but recognized Jewish communal office, held by a rabbi's wife.

Regina Jonas, the first woman ordained as a rabbi, belongs to Judaism, its own tradition field.

Rimonim are set on the staves of a Torah scroll when it is not being read.

Rosh Chodesh, marking the start of each new lunar month, belongs to Judaism.

Clergy or specialist role within Judaism.

The Hebrew Bible gives the measurements of the tabernacle, the temple and Ezekiel's visionary building in detail, and Kabbalah arranges the ten sefirot in a fixed diagram of paths; the six-pointed star as a Jewish emblem is medieval rather than ancient.

Samael is a strikingly double figure in Jewish lore, at once a great angel of the Lord and, in other texts, an accuser, an angel of death and an adversary. That doubleness is Jewish material; the planetary office over Mars is a later Western overlay on the name.

Sandalphon belongs to Jewish mystical tradition, a towering angel said to stand on the earth with his head reaching the heavens, who gathers the prayers of the faithful. He is paired there with Metatron.

Its own record calls it the supreme Jewish council.

Sherwin Wine founded Humanistic Judaism, a movement within Judaism, its own tradition field.

Clergy or specialist role within Judaism.

Clergy or specialist role within Judaism.

Its own record calls it the temporary booth Jews build for Sukkot.

The link is a claim of eighteenth-century French occultists, Court de Gebelin and later Levi, who matched the twenty-two trumps to the twenty-two Hebrew letters. There is no Jewish tradition of tarot, the deck being a Renaissance Italian card game, and Kabbalists reject the association.

Jewish practice sets a hundred blessings a day as the ideal.

Baruch Goldstein was a self-declared adherent of the Kach movement's reading of Jewish religious nationalism, but the great majority of religious Jewish authorities and organizations, then and since, have explicitly repudiated his act and his ideology; this edge connects his own claimed communal identity to the massacre without asserting it as Judaism's own position.

The war was fought by Jewish rebel factions against Roman rule in Judea, and its central event, the destruction of the Second Temple, ended Temple-centered Jewish worship and marked the transition toward the rabbinic Judaism that followed; the loss is still observed annually on Tisha B'Av.

The garden is a Genesis narrative before it is anything else.

The revolts arose from and were fought in the name of diaspora Jewish communities across Cyrenaica, Egypt, Cyprus and Mesopotamia against Roman rule, part of the same current of national and religious restoration hope that shaped the wars framing it on either side.

Her visit in First Kings 10 is the tradition's own measure of Solomon's wisdom, and she blesses the God of Israel before leaving.

The rigid case is the North African, Sephardi and Mizrahi form for housing a Torah scroll.

The oldest surviving synagogue building in the United States, dedicated in 1763 by Newport's Sephardic Jewish community.

A Jewish category, given its developed sense by Hasidism from the eighteenth century.

Archangel of Chesed on the Kabbalistic Tree of Life.

Archangel of Binah on the Kabbalistic Tree of Life.

Uriel is named in the Enochic literature of the Second Temple period.

Its own record calls it the Jewish academy for the study of Talmud and rabbinic literature.

Zacharias Frankel, founder of Positive Historical Judaism, belongs to Judaism, its own tradition field.

Antiochus IV suppressed Jewish religious observance and installed a foreign cult in the Second Temple, an act Jewish sources record as a direct assault on the tradition rather than a claim made within it.

Rabbinic reading holds tselem Elohim as the ground of human dignity and the seriousness of bloodshed, an ethical and legal claim rather than a nature damaged and awaiting restoration.

Judaism does not affirm that Isaiah 7 and 53 are messianic prophecy fulfilled in Jesus. It holds a different account of the same canonical text, Isaiah 7 read in its own eighth-century-BCE political context and the Suffering Servant read as Israel collectively, per Isaiah 41:8 and 49:3. variant, "Held Differently," states that relationship honestly; holds would overclaim an affirmation Judaism never made.

Every human being carries tselem Elohim from birth, which is why the Mishnah reasons that destroying a single life is like destroying a world.

The rabbinic tradition does not hold the doctrine. The yetzer hara is an inclination present from the start rather than a fall from an original state, and repentance is available without a mediator.

The central declaration of Jewish faith.