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Aitareya Upanishad

Hinduism

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The Aitareya Upanishad, embedded in the Rig Veda, opens with an account of creation in which the self alone existed at first and, wishing for worlds, brought forth the regions, their guardian deities and the elements, before those deities, unable to find a body to inhabit and act through, entered the human form through its openings, the eye, ear, skin, tongue and mind. Its most quoted teaching comes at the close, where the sage Vamadeva identifies the knowing self within a person with Brahman itself, and where consciousness, described as the eye of all this and its foundation, is declared to be Brahman under a formula, prajnanam brahma, that later Vedanta tradition counts among the four great sayings (mahavakyas) of the Upanishads.

Facts
Text
Literary Form
Prose Upanishad 1
Structure
Structure
Three chapters: the first describes the self's creation of the worlds, the deities and the human body they come to inhabit through its senses and the birth of a person through three stages of self; the second concerns the successive births of the self across a lifetime; the third teaches that the knowing self is Brahman, closing with the declaration that consciousness itself is Brahman. 1
Identity
Parent Work
Rig Veda (Aitareya Aranyaka, of which it forms the second, fourth and fifth chapters of the second book) 1
Position in the Canon
Eighth of the thirteen principal Upanishads in their standard sequence, following Taittiriya and preceding Chandogya. 2
Status
Canonical Status
Shruti, and counted among the principal (mukhya) Upanishads 1
Meaning
Theme
Creation as the self bringing forth worlds and deities who then enter the human body through its senses, and the identification of consciousness itself, the knowing self within, with Brahman, taught through the formula prajnanam brahma, counted among the four great sayings of Vedanta. 1
Origins
Language
Sanskrit 1
Attributed Author / Compiler
Traditionally attributed within the Aitareya Aranyaka to the sage Mahidasa Aitareya, though as with most Upanishads no single historical author can be confirmed. 1
Learn More
Consciousness As Brahman

This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.

The Aitareya Upanishad tells an unusual creation story, and it is worth reading closely because its odd details are doing philosophical work. The self alone exists at first, and out of a wish for worlds it brings forth the sky, the waters, death and the further regions, along with deities to preside over each. Those deities, however, once created, find themselves with nowhere to act: they are offered a body, the human form, but cannot find their proper places in it until each enters through one of its openings, fire becoming speech through the mouth, wind becoming breath through the nostrils, the sun becoming sight through the eyes, and so on through the whole array of the senses.

That image, deities settling into a body through its sense organs, sets up the text's real interest, which is not cosmology for its own sake but the question of what actually does the seeing, hearing and thinking once those deities are in place. The second chapter briefly turns to a person's three births, as a child conceived, as a child born and as the self's persistence through offspring after death, before the text arrives at the passage it is really building toward.

In the third and final chapter, the sage Vamadeva teaches that the self a person knows through eating, seeing, speaking and thinking is not one more inhabitant of the body among the deities already listed, it is Brahman itself, the same undivided reality that underlies the whole created world. The text names this consciousness the eye of all things, its firm foundation, and closes with the declaration prajnanam brahma, "consciousness is Brahman," a formula the later Vedanta tradition singled out as one of its four great sayings, the moment several of the darkest Upanishads converge on the same claim from different directions.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Brahma, Deities

This source names Brahma directly: "the knowing self within a person with Brahman itself, and where consciousness, described as the eye of all this and its foundation, is declared to be Brahman under a formula, prajnanam brahma, that..."

Belongs to Tradition

Sources
1. The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation (Patrick Olivelle)
Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, New York (South Asia Research series), 1998
2. The Upanishads (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 1 and 15)
F. Max Muller, Clarendon Press / Internet Sacred Text Archive, 1879View the Source
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