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The resurrection of Christ

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The resurrection of Jesus Christ, his bodily rising from death on the third day after his crucifixion, is the central event and foundation of the Christian faith. The Gospels proclaim that he was raised, appeared to his followers, and conquered death, vindicating his teaching and revealing him as the Son of God. Christians hold that by his death and resurrection sin is forgiven and the power of death is broken, so that the resurrection is the ground of their hope for forgiveness, eternal life, and their own resurrection. It is celebrated as the heart of the faith above all at Easter, the oldest and greatest Christian feast, and proclaimed in the cry that Christ is risen.

Facts
Status
Status Within the Tradition
Defined and binding within this tradition 2Tradition: Roman Catholicism
Sourced to the subject's own accountDefined dogma
Status Within the Tradition
Binding, without a formal definition 1Tradition: Christianity
Sourced to the subject's own accountConfessed by every Christian body in the creed
Belief
SubjectSourced to the subject's own account
Sacred history: what happened 1
Category of BeliefSourced to the subject's own account
Core Tenets 2
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The Resurrection of Christ

Christians affirm the bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ, that after his crucifixion and burial he was raised to life on the third day, appeared to his followers, and lives forever. The four Gospels narrate the empty tomb and the appearances, and Paul, writing earlier, transmits it as tradition he received rather than composed, a formula in his first letter to the Corinthians that many New Testament scholars, across a wide range of theological positions, date to a period remarkably close to the events themselves, treating it as very early testimony regardless of what historical weight they assign it. The resurrection is understood not as resuscitation, a return to ordinary mortal life of the kind reported for Lazarus, but as entry into a transformed, deathless mode of bodily existence, described as the firstfruits of a general resurrection Christians expect for all the dead.

Not every strand of modern Christian theology reads the claim the same way. Alongside the traditional affirmation of a historical, bodily event, some twentieth-century theologians, Rudolf Bultmann most influentially, proposed reading resurrection language as expressing the abiding significance of Jesus's death for faith rather than reporting a literal historical occurrence, a demythologizing approach most churches and mainstream biblical scholarship have not adopted but which remains part of the modern theological conversation about the claim.

The Centre of the Faith

The resurrection is the pivot of Christian belief, celebrated as the chief feast at Easter and confessed in every historic creed; from it the tradition draws its hope of eternal life and its proclamation that death has been overcome. It is affirmed across all the historic churches, Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant alike, even where they differ on much else.

The dating of Easter has itself been a source of division rather than unity. Eastern and Western churches generally calculate the feast differently, the West following the Gregorian calendar reform of the sixteenth century and the East largely retaining the Julian calendar for the purpose, so that the two traditions often, though not always, celebrate the resurrection on different Sundays, a visible reminder that even the church's most unifying feast carries a real historical fracture in how it is observed. As the vindication of Jesus and the ground of salvation, the resurrection is inseparable from the Trinity and the incarnation, completing the account of who Christians hold Jesus to be, and it distinguishes Christianity's central proclamation from readings of Jesus's life and death as significant only in an ethical or purely spiritual sense, a distinction the tradition itself regards as decisive for what it means to be Christian at all.

In the Texts
1 Corinthians 15:3-4The Holy Bible, American Standard Versionresurrection

For I delivered unto you first of all that which also I received: that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; and that he was buried; and that he hath been raised on the third day according to the scriptures;

The earliest surviving formulation of the resurrection claim.

The Holy Bible, American Standard Version. translated by American Revision Committee.

About This Passage

Cross-Tradition Connections

Affirmation Of

The bodily resurrection of Christ affirmed as a historical claim, not a symbol.

Belongs to Tradition

Amish, Denominations
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account

Anglicanism confesses the resurrection in the creeds and orders its year around Easter, whose liturgy is the high point of the prayer book's calendar and of parish life.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account
Baptist, Denominations
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account
Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Source The Thirty-Nine Articles of ReligionChurch of Englandthe holders' own account
Source The Westminster Confession of FaithWestminster Assemblythe holders' own account
Source Manual of the Church of the NazareneChurch of the Nazarenethe holders' own account
Source The Heidelberg CatechismZacharias Ursinus and Caspar Olevianus (traditional attribution)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account

The Oriental Orthodox confess the resurrection and celebrate it with the ancient liturgies of Egypt, Armenia, Syria and Ethiopia, whose Easter observance is the summit of their year.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Pentecostals confess the bodily resurrection of Christ and connect it to the power they expect in the present, since the same Spirit who raised him is held to work healing and gifts today.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Quakers have historically confessed the resurrection while stressing the risen Christ present to the gathered meeting, and their refusal of creeds means it is held without any required form of words.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account
Source The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist ChurchUnited Methodist Churchthe holders' own account
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account

Critiqued By

Christian Science, Denominations

Christian Science affirms the resurrection while denying that a material body was raised, since matter itself is held to be unreal.

Jehovah's Witnesses, Denominations

Jehovah's Witnesses teach that Christ was raised as a spirit and that the body of flesh did not return.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Passages on This

1 Corinthians 15:3-4, Passages

The earliest surviving formulation of the resurrection claim.

Sources
1. The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed
First Council of Constantinople, 381The Nicene Creed text
Quote, The Nicene Creed text
We believe in one God, the Father almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all things visible and invisible.
the holders' own accountView the Source
2. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd edition
Holy See, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1997Part One, para. 651
Quote, Part One, para. 651
The Resurrection above all constitutes the confirmation of all Christ's works and teachings.
the holders' own accountView the Source
Articles of Religion, What We Believe, The Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (thecmechurch.org)
The Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Christian Methodist Episcopal ChurchArticle III, Of the Resurrection of ChristView the Source
The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion
Church of England, 1571Article IV, Of the Resurrection of Christthe holders' own accountView the Source
Manual of the Church of the Nazarene
Church of the Nazarene, Church of the NazareneArticles of Faith, Article II, Jesus Christthe holders' own accountView the Source
The Augsburg Confession
Philipp Melanchthon, 1530Article III, Of the Son of GodView the Source
The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church
United Methodist Church, The United Methodist Publishing HouseArticles of Religion, Article IIIthe holders' own accountView the Source
The Heidelberg Catechism
Zacharias Ursinus and Caspar Olevianus (traditional attribution), Elector Frederick III of the Palatinate, Heidelberg, 1563Q&A 1
Quote, Q&A 1
What is your only comfort in life and in death? That I am not my own, but belong, body and soul, in life and in death, to my faithful Savior, Jesus Christ.
View the Source
Encyclopedia of Religion
Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005View the Source
The Westminster Confession of Faith
Westminster Assembly, 1646chapter VIII.4the holders' own accountView the Source
Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures
Mary Baker Eddy, First published Boston; The First Church of Christ, Scientist, 1875
The Holy Bible
Anonymous (multiple authors), Robert Barker, 1611View the Source
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