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Religions

Ancient Egyptian Religion

AYN-shunt ee-JIP-shan ree-LIJ-un
Polytheistic (Historical)

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Origin 3300 BCE to 3000 BCE

Ancient Egyptian religion held that the world was a fragile order, maat, established at creation and requiring constant renewal against the disorder pressing on it. The gods were served rather than believed in: their statues were housed, washed, clothed and fed daily in temples closed to the public, in the king's name. Death was survivable but not automatic, requiring a preserved body, a tomb, continuing offerings and knowledge of what lay ahead. Because tombs on the desert margin survived and towns beside the river did not, the record is weighted heavily toward the dead, and the everyday piety of most Egyptians is far less visible than the funerary provision of the elite.

History & Origin

Ancient Egyptian religion developed over three millennia without a single founder, from the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around 3100 BCE to the religion's gradual eclipse under Roman era Christianisation.

Facts
Practice
Practice Status
Discontinued as a state religion 2
Sourced to the subject's own accountAncient Egyptian religion was the state religion of Egypt for roughly three millennia before its practice ended with the spread of Christianity and later Islam, and what survives is known through temple inscriptions, papyri and archaeology rather than continuous practice. Its modern revival, Kemeticism, is recorded separately.
History
Era of Decline
380 to 550 CE 1
Era of Decline
The temple of Philae closes in the 6th century 1
Status
Status Today
Historical; not practised continuously 1
Origins
Origin Period
3300 BCE to 3000 BCE 1
Place of Origin
The Nile valley 1
Belief
Theology
Polytheistic: many gods 1
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Maat, and the Work of the Gods

Egyptian religion had no scripture, no creed, and no word that maps neatly onto "religion". What it had instead was maat (a term covering order, truth, justice and the correct arrangement of things), understood as established at the first moment of creation and under permanent pressure from isfet, disorder. Almost everything the state did in a religious register was framed as maintaining maat rather than as spreading a teaching.

The gods were numerous, local, and unstable in outline. They merged, split and absorbed one another: Ra of Heliopolis combined with Amun of Thebes as Amun-Ra without either ceasing to exist separately, and Osiris, Ptah and Sokar fused into a funerary composite. A god had a home city, a temple, a household and a cult image, and the daily service of that image was the core of temple religion. The statue was woken, washed, dressed, fed, and shut away again.

Ordinary Egyptians did not attend. Temples were staffed by rotating priesthoods and closed to the public, and lay contact with the great gods came mainly at festivals, when images were carried out in procession and could be put questions, with the answer read from the movement of the bearers.

The king appears in every temple relief as the officiant, whatever priest was actually doing the work. He was the point at which human action and divine order met, associated with Horus while living and with Osiris once dead. That is a statement about an office, and about how the state described itself. It is not evidence for what any individual Egyptian thought about the man holding it.

The Problem of the Evidence

Nearly everything survives by accident of geography. Egyptian settlements lay on the floodplain, were rebuilt over, and now lie under cultivation, silt or water. Tombs and temples were placed on the desert margin, where mudbrick, papyrus, wood and painted plaster last. The result is a record dominated by the dead and by the monumental, and a corresponding risk of describing a religion of funerals when most Egyptians spent most of their lives doing something else.

The principal funerary sources form a rough sequence. The Pyramid Texts, carved in royal burial chambers from the late Old Kingdom, are the oldest substantial religious writings from Egypt. The Coffin Texts of the Middle Kingdom extend comparable material to officials and their families. From the New Kingdom the compilation conventionally called the Book of the Dead, whose Egyptian title means roughly going forth by day, was written on papyrus and bought in varying quality, sometimes with the buyer's name left to be filled in later.

None of these is a doctrinal statement. They are working texts meant to be effective for their owner, and they contradict one another freely on questions that a systematic theology would have had to settle.

Other evidence pulls against the funerary bias. The workmen's village at Deir el-Medina yielded letters, oracle questions, votive stelae and ostraca showing household gods, ancestor cult and personal appeals of a kind the temple record barely mentions. Greek and Roman writers described Egyptian practice from outside and are useful but unreliable. Almost all of the Egyptian material became readable only after 1822, when Champollion established the mixed phonetic and semantic working of the script, and readings of individual texts are still being revised.

What the Tomb Was For

Egyptians did not expect to survive death automatically. Continued existence was an achievement, dependent on the body remaining intact, on the name being spoken, on offerings continuing, and on the dead person knowing what to do.

A person was understood as several components rather than a body plus a soul. The ka was a vital double that needed sustenance and received the offerings. The ba, drawn as a bird with a human head, could leave the tomb and return to it. The akh was the effective, transfigured state the dead hoped to reach. Mummification preserved the physical anchor for these, and the elaborate technique visible in surviving bodies is a technical response to a specific requirement rather than a general reverence for corpses.

The best-known scene in the funerary papyri shows the heart weighed against the feather of maat, with Anubis at the balance, Thoth recording, and a composite creature waiting to consume anyone who fails. It is tempting to read this as moral judgement in the later sense, but the same manuscripts supply spells to stop the heart from testifying against its owner, which suggests a test to be passed by preparation as much as by conduct.

Cost governed all of it. Full mummification, a decorated tomb, a stocked burial and an endowment to keep the offerings coming were available to a small minority. The great majority of Egyptians were buried simply, in the sand, and what they expected is largely unrecorded. Any account of Egyptian ideas about death is in practice an account of what a wealthy minority could afford to have written down.

In the Texts
Book of the Dead, Spell 125, the Negative Confession, declarations 1-5 (Budge)The Book of the Dead: the Papyrus of Anijudgment of the dead

Ani saith: "Hail, thou whose strides are long, who comest forth from Annu, I have not done iniquity." "Hail, thou who art embraced by flame, who comest forth from Kheraba, I have not robbed with violence." "Hail, Fentiu, who comest forth from Khemennu, I have not stolen." "Hail, Devourer of the Shade, who comest forth from Qernet, I have done no murder; I have done no harm." "Hail, Nehau, who comest forth from Re-stau, I have not defrauded offerings."

The Book of the Dead: the Papyrus of Ani. translated by E. A. Wallis Budge.

About This Passage

Book of the Dead, Spell 125, the Negative Confession, declarations 6-11 (Budge)The Book of the Dead: the Papyrus of Anijudgment of the dead

"Hail, god in the form of two lions, who comest forth from heaven, I have not minished oblations." "Hail, thou whose eyes are of fire, who comest forth from Saut, I have not plundered the god." "Hail, thou Flame, which comest and goest, I have spoken no lies." "Hail, Crusher of bones, who comest forth from Suten-henen, I have not snatched away food." "Hail, thou who shootest forth the Flame, who comest forth from Het-Ptah-ka, I have not caused pain." "Hail, Qerer, who comest forth from Amentet, I have not committed fornication."

The Book of the Dead: the Papyrus of Ani. translated by E. A. Wallis Budge.

About This Passage

Correspondences & Relations

Pantheons

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

The tradition's liturgical, scriptural or ancestral language belongs to this family.

Alexandria, Cities

The cult of Serapis, promoted by Ptolemy I, drew on the Egyptian Osiris-Apis and was worshipped at the city's Serapeum.

Ancient Egyptian Religion names the temple and funerary tradition of the Nile civilization.

Source The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient EgyptRichard H. Wilkinson

Late Egyptian is the language of the New Kingdom Book of the Dead in its most widely copied recension.

Source The Ancient Egyptian Book of the DeadRaymond O. Faulkner (translator); Carol Andrews (editor)
Lotus, Plants

The Egyptian flower of the temple reliefs and the tomb paintings is Nymphaea, a water lily, not the Indian Nelumbo. This atlas carries both under the one English word, which is the confusion the Greek name already had.

The Isis and Serapis cult spread from Alexandria to Delos, Pompeii and beyond

Source The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th editionSimon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth and Esther Eidinow (eds.)

Middle Egyptian is the classical language of the Coffin Texts and remained the language of monumental religious inscription long after it ceased to be spoken.

Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)

The Middle Kingdom's Coffin Texts extended royal funerary religion to non-royal officials for the first time.

Source The Oxford History of Ancient EgyptIan Shaw (ed.)

The Louvre holds a large part of what survives of the ancient Egyptian religious record.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

The New Kingdom's Book of the Dead and Amun-Ra state cult mark the mature form of ancient Egyptian religion before its later decline.

The inundation gave Egyptian religion its calendar of three seasons, its image of order restored, and its division of the living east bank from the western land of the dead.

Source The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient EgyptRichard H. Wilkinson

Old Egyptian is the language of the Pyramid Texts, the earliest substantial corpus of Egyptian religious writing.

Source The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid TextsRaymond O. Faulkner

The Old Kingdom's solar theology and royal funerary cult, preserved in the Pyramid Texts, are foundational to ancient Egyptian religion as later periods practiced it.

Source The Oxford History of Ancient EgyptIan Shaw (ed.)

This source names Ancient Egyptian Religion directly: "Wikipedia's article on Ancient Egyptian religion, a continuously edited tertiary source with no fixed publication year, accessed 2026-08-20."

Source Wikipedia, Ancient Egyptian religion (source)Wikipedia contributors

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Aaru, Realms
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Its two most solemn scenes, Radames's consecration and his entombment, are both staged as ancient Egyptian temple ritual, built partly from scholarly material on real Egyptian religious practice and partly, as peer reviewed musicology documents, from an invented priestess role with no basis in the historical priesthood.

Source Wikipedia, "Aida"
Akh, Parts of the Soul
Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)
Alchemy, Disciplines

Alchemy's own tradition claims Egypt as its birthplace, deriving its name from a word for the black land and its patron Hermes Trismegistus from Thoth; this is retrospective attribution by Greek and Islamic writers rather than a practice attested in pharaonic religion.

Source Psychology and AlchemyC.G. Jung
Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Apotheosis, Doctrines
Source The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th editionSimon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth and Esther Eidinow (eds.)
Ba, Parts of the Soul
Source The Ancient Egyptian Book of the DeadRaymond O. Faulkner (translator); Carol Andrews (editor)
Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts (Raymond O. Faulkner)Raymond O. Faulkner, translator
Duat, Realms

The endowed offering cult maintained for a dead king.

Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)

Egyptian religion tied its year to the heliacal rising of Sirius, which announced the Nile flood, identified Orion with Osiris and Sirius with Isis, and used the decan stars to mark the hours of the night in temple and tomb.

Source TetrabiblosClaudius Ptolemy
Geb, Figures
Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)
Source The Ancient Egyptian Book of the DeadRaymond O. Faulkner (translator); Carol Andrews (editor)
Imhotep, Figures
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Isis, Figures
Source Moralia, Volume V: Isis and Osiris (De Iside et Osiride)Plutarch; Frank Cole Babbitt (translator)
Ka, Parts of the Soul
Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Kyphi, Incense
Source Moralia, Volume V: Isis and Osiris (De Iside et Osiride)Plutarch; Frank Cole Babbitt (translator)
Mummification, Rituals

King credited with founding pharaonic kingship and its religious order.

Source The Oxford History of Ancient EgyptIan Shaw (ed.)
Nut, Figures
Source Moralia, Volume V: Isis and Osiris (De Iside et Osiride)Plutarch; Frank Cole Babbitt (translator)

Performed throughout ancient Egyptian funerary and temple practice.

Source Death and Salvation in Ancient EgyptJan Assmann
Opet Festival, Rituals

The image of Amun travelled in procession from Karnak to Luxor, accompanied by Mut and Khonsu.

Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)
Osiris, Figures
Source Moralia, Volume V: Isis and Osiris (De Iside et Osiride)Plutarch; Frank Cole Babbitt (translator)

A funerary papyrus commissioned within Ancient Egyptian religious practice and illustrating one of that religion's central beliefs, the judgment of the dead.

Senior leadership office of Ancient Egyptian Religion.

Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)
Philae, Sacred Sites
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

The pylon gateway form is documented at Karnak, Luxor and Medinet Habu and surveyed in the Oxford History of Ancient Egypt.

Source The Oxford History of Ancient EgyptIan Shaw (ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Ra, Figures
Source The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid TextsRaymond O. Faulkner
Ren, Parts of the Soul
Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)

Egyptian building was laid out by rope-stretching and worked to strict proportion and cardinal alignment, and the tradition took Egypt as the source of geometry; whether the ratios found in the pyramids were intended as such is disputed among Egyptologists.

Source ElementsEuclid
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Le Serapeum de MemphisAuguste Mariette
Sed Festival, Rituals

The Egyptian royal jubilee, performed before the assembled gods and officials.

Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)

The sem priest performed the Opening of the Mouth ceremony, documented across Egyptian funerary art and papyri.

Source Death and Salvation in Ancient EgyptJan Assmann
Senet, Rituals
Source The Egyptian Book of the DeadE.A. Wallis Budge (trans.)
Set, Figures
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)

This entry carries two creatures that share one name. The Egyptian one is a guardian image of kingship and should not be read through the Greek riddler.

Source The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient EgyptRichard H. Wilkinson

Temple estate landholding is documented directly by the Wilbour Papyrus and surveyed in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt.

Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)

Treated by Egyptologists as commemorating the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt and the founding of pharaonic kingship.

Source The Oxford History of Ancient EgyptIan Shaw (ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

The unification is foundational Egyptian royal theology, not only political history.

Source The Oxford History of Ancient EgyptIan Shaw (ed.)
Source UNESCO World Heritage ListUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)

The British Museum's own Curators' Corner episode explores ancient Egyptian magical practice, and the Museum's own Heka exhibition record establishes that this magic was woven into ancient Egyptian religious practice and belief in the gods, making this the first screen work the atlas holds for the tradition.

Hellenistic Egypt is where the birth chart took its familiar shape, and the Egyptian decans were absorbed into it as thirty-six divisions of the zodiac; attributing the whole art to Egyptian priests is a Greek convention rather than a pharaonic practice.

Source Horoscope SymbolsRobert Hand
Zep Tepi, Ages

The First Time, the primeval moment of creation in ancient Egyptian cosmology that every later renewal reenacts.

Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)

Passages on This

Regions Where This Is Principal

Egypt, Regions
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Related To

Ancient Egyptian religion: Sopdet/Sirius, the heliacal rising and the Nile flood, the decans and the northern imperishable stars.

Sacred to This Deity

Thebes, Cities

Thebes was the effective religious capital of Egypt through the New Kingdom.

Studied By

Book two of the Histories is the fullest outside account of Egyptian temple practice to survive.

Symbol Continuity

The ouroboros, a serpent devouring its own tail, is first attested in ancient Egyptian funerary texts.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Symbolized By

The ankh is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph and symbol for life.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Its own text: on the gilded shrines of Tutankhamun, "a scheme concerned with the sun's nightly passage and the boundary of the ordered world."

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Worship Of

Amun, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Anubis, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Aten, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Atum, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Bastet, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Bes, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Geb, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Hathor, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Horus, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Imhotep, Deities
Isis, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Khepri, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Khonsu, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Ma'at, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Mut, Deities
Source The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient EgyptDonald B. Redford (ed.)
Nefertem, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Nephthys, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Nun, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Nut, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Osiris, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Ptah, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Ra, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Sekhmet, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Selket, Deities
Source The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient EgyptRichard H. Wilkinson
Set, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Shu, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Sobek, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Taweret, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Tefnut, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
The Ennead, Deities
Source The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient EgyptRichard H. Wilkinson
Thoth, Deities
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
In the Other Atlases
Sources
1. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
Donald B. Redford (ed.), Oxford University Press, 2001s.v. ReligionView the Source
2. Wikipedia, Ancient Egyptian religion (source)
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia
The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
Richard H. Wilkinson, Thames & Hudson, 2003Book description
Quote, Book description
The richness and complexity of their mythology is reflected in countless tributes throughout Egypt, from lavish tomb paintings to humble household shrines.
View the Source
The Egyptian Book of the Dead
E.A. Wallis Budge (trans.), Sold at the British Museum, and by Longmans and Co., B. Quaritch, Asher and Co., Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., and Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press, per the book's own 1895 title page, whi, 1895the funerary texts and the afterlifeView the Source
Bronze Statuette of Osiris, accession 74.51.5584 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Metropolitan Museum of ArtObjects and Practices of This Tradition: Bronze Statuette of Osiris (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 74.51.5584), accession 74.51.5584View the Source
Statue of Anubis as a Recumbent Canid, accession 69.105 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Metropolitan Museum of ArtObjects and Practices of This Tradition: Statue of Anubis as a Recumbent Canid (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 69.105), accession 69.105View the Source
"Striding Thoth," accession 26.7.860 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Metropolitan Museum of ArtObjects and Practices of This Tradition: "Striding Thoth" (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 26.7.860), accession 26.7.860View the Source
"Statue of Sakhmet, 'Lady of the Mound-Above-Amun,'" accession 15.8.1 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Metropolitan Museum of ArtObjects and Practices of This Tradition: "Statue of Sakhmet, 'Lady of the Mound-Above-Amun'" (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 15.8.1), accession 15.8.1View the Source
"Isis with Horus," accession 1979.180a, b (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Metropolitan Museum of ArtObjects and Practices of This Tradition: "Isis with Horus" (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979.180a, b), accession 1979.180a, bView the Source
"Faience Amulet of Ra Horakhty," accession 74.51.4497 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Metropolitan Museum of ArtObjects and Practices of This Tradition: "Faience Amulet of Ra Horakhty" (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 74.51.4497), accession 74.51.4497View the Source
Scarab with Figure of Seth-Baal on a Lion, accession 22.1.451 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Metropolitan Museum of ArtObjects and Practices of This Tradition: Scarab with Figure of Seth-Baal on a Lion (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 22.1.451), accession 22.1.451View the Source
Ceremonial Situla of Penmin, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of ArtObjects and Practices of This Tradition: Ceremonial Situla of Penmin (Metropolitan Museum of Art), Metropolitan Museum of Art 65.116View the Source
The British Museum's Own Curators' Corner and Heka Exhibition Records
The British MuseumObjects and Practices of This Tradition: We Used Ancient Egyptian Magic to Heal Our Colleagues (Curators' Corner, British Museum), youtube.com/watch?v=NU_fEv0hRvs; britishmuseum.org/our-work/international/international-touring-exhibitions/hekaView the Source
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