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Pure Land

Buddhism

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Origin 400 to 1175 CE

A devotional school of Mahayana Buddhism, among the most widely practiced forms in East Asia, centred on the Buddha Amitabha, the Buddha of Infinite Light, and his paradise, the Pure Land of the West. It teaches that in this degenerate age few can win enlightenment by their own effort, and that the surer way is to rely on the compassionate vow of Amitabha, who receives into his Pure Land all who call upon him in faith, where, freed from hindrance, they may swiftly attain Nirvana. Its central practice is the recitation of his name, the nembutsu, Namo Amituofo or Namu Amida Butsu, in trusting devotion. Shaped in China and brought to flower in Japan by Honen and his disciple Shinran, whose Jodo Shinshu made faith alone decisive, it opened Buddhism to ordinary lay people. Resting on other-power and grace rather than monastic striving, Pure Land is the great devotional stream of Mahayana.

Facts
Origins
Origin Period
400 to 1175 CE 1
Origin Period
Established as independent Japanese schools from 1175 1
Place of Origin
China, and then Japan 1
Founder
Honen (1133-1212) in Japan 1
Founder
The Chinese devotion is traced to Huiyuan (334-416) and Shandao (613-681) 1
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
Awakening by the Buddha's power (tariki), not one's own 1Tradition: Buddhism
Defining Doctrinal Position
The present age is too degenerate for the older disciplines (mappo) 2
History
Separation or Divergence
The Tendai establishment in Japan: Honen's exclusive nenbutsu was condemned and he was exiled in 1207. 1
Date of Separation
1175 to 1207 1
Status
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 1
Trajectory
Membership Over TimeSourced to the subject's own account
About 22 million believers across the combined Jodo (Pure Land) groupings in Japan as of 2021, per the Agency for Cultural Affairs' annual statistical survey of religion, the largest single Buddhist grouping the survey records. 3
Membership Figure As OfSourced to the subject's own account
2021-01-01 3
Basis of the Membership FigureSourced to the subject's own account
Church-Reported Rolls 3
Organisation
Governance
A head temple over affiliated branch temples 1
Chion-in in Kyoto as head temple of the Jodoshu, with affiliated branch temples.
Ordination
Married clergy permitted 1
Ordination
Ordination is into a monastic order, not to a congregation 1
Practice
Liturgical Language
Classical Chinese (read in Sino-Japanese where used in Japan) 1
Reach
Adherents TodaySourced to the subject's own account
Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs recorded about 22 million believers across the Jodo (Pure Land) groupings, including Jodo Shinshu, in its 2021 statistical survey of religion, the largest Buddhist grouping in Japan by a wide margin. 3
Learn More
Other Power

Pure Land is the devotional current of Mahayana, and its central move is a reversal the rest of Buddhism does not make.

The ordinary Buddhist path is self-power: the practitioner does the work. Pure Land teaches other power. The buddha Amitabha, in the account the Pure Land sutras give, vowed while still a bodhisattva that any being who called on him in sincere trust would be received into the land he was establishing, a realm in which the obstacles to practice are absent and awakening is therefore assured. The practice that follows is the recitation of his name, nianfo in Chinese, nembutsu in Japanese, and on the most radical readings that is the whole of it.

The reasoning behind the reversal is a doctrine of the age. The tradition holds that the present period, mappo in Japanese, is one of decline in which the capacity for the older disciplines has gone, and that a teaching adequate to such an age must be one an ordinary person can actually perform. That claim is why Pure Land became, and remains, the most widely practised form of Buddhism in East Asia. It requires no monastery, no literacy, no leisure and no meditative aptitude.

Shinran, in thirteenth-century Japan, pressed the logic furthest. If salvation rests wholly on Amitabha, then the recitation cannot be a work that earns anything, and even the faith that produces it must be given rather than achieved. He married, ate meat, and described himself as neither monk nor layman. His tradition has a married clergy to this day.

Two Temples, One Split, and the State That Made It

Pure Land is a current before it is an institution. Devotion to Amitabha runs through Chinese Buddhism generally rather than being confined to a school, and the great Chinese figures (Tanluan, Daochuo and Shandao, between the sixth and seventh centuries), systematised a practice that monks of other affiliations also performed. Japan is where it became a set of separate institutions.

Honen, who died in 1212, taught the exclusive nembutsu: that recitation alone suffices and the other practices may be set aside. That was radical enough to get him exiled. His Jodo-shu survives, in Chinzei and Seizan branches. Shinran, his student, founded what became Jodo Shinshu, the largest Buddhist body in Japan. Smaller lines, Yuzu Nembutsu, Ji-shu, continue.

The tradition's largest institutional division was not doctrinal at all. In 1602 Tokugawa Ieyasu, dealing with an organisation whose congregational leagues had fought armies and held provinces for a century, divided the Hongan-ji: Nishi Hongan-ji under Junnyo, and Higashi Hongan-ji established for his brother Kyonyo. Splitting it made it governable. The two have remained separate ever since, as the Honganji-ha and the Otani-ha. It is one of the clearest cases anywhere of a religious division engineered by a state for reasons of public order rather than of belief.

Pure Land's doctrinal quarrels have generally circled one point: whether the recitation is something the practitioner does, in which case its quality and its quantity matter, or something that happens in a practitioner who has already been grasped, in which case neither does.

Where It Is Now

Pure Land is very large and very badly counted. No credible standalone figure exists for it worldwide, and the Japanese numbers in circulation are institutional self-reports rather than survey results. Jodo Shinshu describes itself as the most widely practised form of Buddhism in Japan and claims a following on the order of a tenth of the population; that is an organisation's claim about its own affiliated households, and Japanese temple affiliation is largely inherited and largely funerary.

The wider picture is that recitation of Amitabha's name is ordinary practice for a very large share of Buddhists in China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Singapore and Malaysia, and among the East Asian diaspora everywhere, including a great many who would not describe themselves as belonging to a Pure Land school at all. It travels particularly well among people with no monastery within reach.

In the West, Jodo Shinshu has one of the longest institutional histories of any Buddhist body. The organisation now called the Buddhist Churches of America was established among Japanese immigrants at the end of the nineteenth century, and its members were interned with the rest of the Japanese American population during the Second World War. It remains an ethnic-community church far more than a convert one, and receives correspondingly little attention in Western writing about Buddhism, which has concentrated on the meditative traditions.

That neglect illustrates the general point rather well. The devotional forms are the majority of Buddhism and a small minority of the coverage.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

This source names Pure Land directly: "adherents, broken down as Jodo (Pure Land) about 22 million, Nichiren about 11 million, Shingon about 5.5 million, Zen about 5.3 million and Tendai about 2.8 million, with temple counts including..."

This source names Pure Land directly: "Southeast Asia to the Seon and Pure Land masters of Korea and China and the hierarchs and treasure revealers of Tibet."

This source names Pure Land directly: "and its formative influence on later Pure Land teachers."

Source Genshin and the Ojoyoshu (Wikipedia and Harvard Undergraduate Art History Journal)Wikipedia contributors; Harvard Undergraduate Art History Journal

This source names Pure Land directly: "Its limit is that a claim about the specific Pure Land Buddhist theology behind the Amida Buddha image needs a source examining that directly, not this general overview."

Source Great Buddha of Kamakura (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Kyogyoshinsho, Sources

This source names Pure Land directly: "own foundational text of Jodo Shinshu, Pure Land Buddhism, setting out the doctrine of salvation through Amida Buddha's other power and faith rather than self effort."

Source KyogyoshinshoShinran

This source names Pure Land directly: "Amitabha Buddha's vows and his Pure Land, cited here as primary scripture in its own voice."

Source Larger Sukhavativyuha SutraAnonymous

This source names Pure Land directly: "paths such as rebirth in the Pure Land or Tusita heaven rather than toward an approaching collective millennium."

This source names Pure Land directly: "Ojoyoshu, Essentials of Birth in the Pure Land, is a three fascicle treatise the Tendai monk Genshin completed in 985 at Yokawa, a remote area of Mount Hiei he had retired to a few years earlier to..."

Source Genshin and the Ojoyoshu (Wikipedia and Harvard Undergraduate Art History Journal)Wikipedia contributors; Harvard Undergraduate Art History Journal

This source names Pure Land directly: "nder whom Shinran himself first studied Pure Land practice."

This source names Pure Land directly: "and it became central to East Asian Pure Land Buddhism as evidence that the present age already exhibits every mark of decline."

This source names Pure Land directly: "texts describing Amitabha Buddha's Pure Land, together with Gomez's own critical introduction to Pure Land Buddhist thought."

Source The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless LightLuis O. Gomez (translator and editor)

Huiyuan gathered a company at Mount Lu in 402 to vow rebirth in Amitabha's Pure Land, the event the tradition takes as its Chinese beginning.

Belongs to Tradition

Buddhism, Religions

Branch Of

Buddhism, Religions

Derived from This

Shinran's reading of the Pure Land teaching, carried by a married priesthood rather than a monastic one.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

Holds Element

Rebirth in the Pure Land is described as birth from a lotus, the flower opening at a term set by the strength of the devotee's faith, so the image is the doctrine of the school in one figure.

Honen made the recitation the sole necessary practice, and that is the break which founded the school.

The White Lotus began as a lay Pure Land devotional association before the name was applied by the Chinese state to a much wider range of movements it wished to proscribe. The devotional origin is Pure Land; most of what the label later covered was not.

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Anatta, Doctrines

Anatta, that there is no permanent unchanging self, is affirmed across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Source The Foundations of BuddhismRupert Gethin
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Bodhicitta, Doctrines

Amida Buddha's own bodhisattva vows as Dharmakara, fulfilled in the Pure Land's founding, are this tradition's scriptural basis.

Source The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless LightLuis O. Gomez (translator and editor)
Buddhahood, Doctrines

Rebirth in the Pure Land as the assured route to buddhahood is this tradition's central soteriological claim.

Source The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless LightLuis O. Gomez (translator and editor)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Pure Land narrows chanting to the name of Amitabha, Namo Amituofo or Namu Amida Butsu, recited in trust rather than accumulated as merit, on the ground that in a degenerate age reliance on his vow is surer than one's own effort.

Dependent origination, that phenomena arise in dependence on conditions, is the central explanatory principle shared across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Source The Foundations of BuddhismRupert Gethin
Dukkha, Doctrines

Dukkha, the unsatisfactoriness of conditioned existence and the first Noble Truth, is affirmed across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Source The Pali Canon (Tipitaka)Anonymous (Theravada tradition)
Source Genshin and the Ojoyoshu (Wikipedia and Harvard Undergraduate Art History Journal)Wikipedia contributors; Harvard Undergraduate Art History Journal
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

The Larger Sukhavativyuha Sutra, recounting Amida Buddha's vows as the monk Dharmakara, is this tradition's founding scripture.

Source The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless LightLuis O. Gomez (translator and editor)

The reckoning of the latter age is what makes the Pure Land path necessary rather than merely available: in an age in which the disciplines fail, the Buddha's vow is the remaining route.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Nirvana, Doctrines

Nirvana, the cessation of craving and the end of rebirth, is the shared goal named across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Samsara, Doctrines

Samsara, the beginningless round of rebirth from which the Buddhist path seeks release, is affirmed across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

His commentary on the Contemplation Sutra set the shape of Chinese Pure Land teaching.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

Reliance on Amida Buddha's other-power through the nembutsu, rather than self-power, is this tradition's central teaching.

Source The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless LightLuis O. Gomez (translator and editor)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

The Four Noble Truths, the Buddha's foundational diagnosis of suffering and its cure, are affirmed as the basis of the path across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Source The Foundations of BuddhismRupert Gethin
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

The Noble Eightfold Path, the fourth Noble Truth's prescribed practice, structures the path across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Source The Foundations of BuddhismRupert Gethin

Going for refuge in the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha is the formula of Buddhist identity across schools, including this tradition.

Source The Foundations of BuddhismRupert Gethin

The three marks, impermanence, unsatisfactoriness and non-self, are held as characteristics of all conditioned things across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Source The Foundations of BuddhismRupert Gethin

Held Differently

Karma, Doctrines

Karma, action and its consequence, is affirmed as the mechanism of rebirth across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

Position On

Ahimsa, Doctrines

Non-injury is held in the Pure Land schools.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The three poisons are held in the Pure Land schools, and the sutra's address to beings who cannot free themselves of them is the premise of the vow.

Source Larger Sukhavativyuha SutraAnonymous
Anicca, Doctrines

Impermanence is held in the Pure Land schools.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

Buddha-nature is held in the Pure Land schools, and birth in the Pure Land is presented as the condition under which it can at last be realised rather than as a substitute for realising it.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.
Dana, Doctrines

Giving is held in the Pure Land schools, and Amida's transfer of merit to beings is described in the same terms: a gift made without expectation of return.

Source The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless LightLuis O. Gomez (translator and editor)
Dharma, Doctrines

Dharma is held in the Pure Land schools, and the tradition's claim is about which part of it remains practicable now rather than about what it contains.

Source The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless LightLuis O. Gomez (translator and editor)
Samadhi, Doctrines

Collected absorption is held in the Pure Land schools, and the visualisation practices of the Contemplation Sutra are its Pure Land form, alongside and earlier than the recitation practice the tradition became identified with.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The five aggregates are held in the Pure Land schools.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The four immeasurables are held in the Pure Land schools, and Amida's vow is presented as compassion carried to the limit the term names.

Source The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless LightLuis O. Gomez (translator and editor)

The six realms are held in the Pure Land schools, and the Pure Land is described as outside them.

Source The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless LightLuis O. Gomez (translator and editor)

The perfections are held in the Pure Land schools as the bodhisattva path, fulfilled by Amida across incalculable time, and the vow is the transfer of that fulfilment to beings who cannot complete it themselves.

Source The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless LightLuis O. Gomez (translator and editor)

The two truths are held in the Pure Land schools as part of the Mahayana inheritance.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.
Sources
1. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
Robert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr., Princeton University Press, 2014s.v. Pure Land; Jingtu; JodoshuView the Source
2. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
Paul Williams, Routledge, 1989
3. Buddhist School Membership and Temple Figures in Japan (Facts and Details)
Facts and Details (Jeffrey Hays)View the Source
The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History
Barend J. ter Haar, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1992
The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless Light
Luis O. Gomez (translator and editor), University of Hawaii Press, 1996
Lotus Sutra (Saddharmapundarika Sutra)
Anonymous
Larger Sukhavativyuha Sutra
AnonymousThe vows of Dharmakara
Quote, The vows of Dharmakara
The vow on which the doctrine of other power rests: that any being who calls in sincere trust will be received.
Kyogyoshinsho
ShinranOn faith as given rather than achieved
Quote, On faith as given rather than achieved
Shinran's position that even the faith which produces the recitation is conferred rather than earned.
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