Parapsychology

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Instigated and chaired the Russian Physical Society's 1875 to 1876 Commission for the Investigation of Mediumistic Phenomena, concluding Spiritualist doctrine was superstition.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Rhine gave the field its laboratory method and, in English, its name. Uncontested as a matter of intellectual history, whatever one concludes about the results.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Parapsychology is the research programme that investigates this claimed phenomenon using controlled experimental methods. The relation records that parapsychology studies this claim, not that the claim itself is established.

Podmore worked inside the field with full access to its files and rejected nearly all of its positive claims. His scepticism was applied from within, which is why his negative verdicts carry weight.

James Randi argued for fifty years that trained scientists make poor judges of a claimed psychic, because their training assumes nature does not deliberately deceive while a magician's training assumes exactly that. He proved the point with Project Alpha, coaching two young conjurers who were accepted as genuine psychics by a university parapsychology laboratory for years before he revealed the deception himself.

Paul Kurtz argued that the pull toward parapsychology reflects what he called the transcendental temptation, a recurring human preference for explanations that cannot be checked. He founded the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal in 1976 to bring organized scrutiny to psychic and paranormal claims, and insisted, at least as a stated principle, that the committee investigate rather than simply deny a claim outright.

Ray Hyman built his critique from inside the data rather than outside it, typically granting for argument's sake that an experimental effect exists and then contesting what causes it. He served on the National Research Council panel that reviewed parapsychology for the United States Army in 1988 and was one of two reviewers who evaluated the government's remote viewing program in 1995. His 1986 joint statement with the parapsychologist Charles Honorton, negotiating shared standards for evaluating the ganzfeld telepathy studies, is considered a model of a skeptic and a proponent agreeing on what would count as evidence.

Richard Wiseman, a psychologist who trained as a professional magician, published a widely cited 1999 meta-analysis with Julie Milton of thirty ganzfeld telepathy studies conducted after the original autoganzfeld series, and found no overall evidence of the claimed effect. His critique rests on two things a magician's training supplies that a scientist's does not, a working sense of how a psychic demonstration can be faked, and an interest in the ordinary psychology of attention and memory that makes such claims feel convincing.