Home›Sources›Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill), 2nd and 3rd editionsSourcesEncyclopaedia of Islam (Brill), 2nd and 3rd editionsCitation FormatsGeneral ReferenceGeneral Reference Citation TextDivinity Atlas. "Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill), 2nd and 3rd editions." Accessed August 30, 2026. https://www.divinityatlas.com/sources/encyclopaedia-of-islam-brill-2nd-and-3rd-editions.Copy General ReferenceAPA StyleAPA Style Citation TextDivinity Atlas. (n.d.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill), 2nd and 3rd editions. Retrieved August 30, 2026, from https://www.divinityatlas.com/sources/encyclopaedia-of-islam-brill-2nd-and-3rd-editionsCopy APA StyleBibTeXBibTeX Citation Text@misc{divinityatlas-encyclopaedia-of-islam-brill-2nd-and-3rd, author = {Divinity Atlas}, title = {Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill), 2nd and 3rd editions}, year = {2026}, url = {https://www.divinityatlas.com/sources/encyclopaedia-of-islam-brill-2nd-and-3rd-editions}, note = {Accessed August 30, 2026} }Copy BibTeXThis reference exists across two overlapping editions, the second and the ongoing third, with entries revised and added as Islamic studies scholarship has developed since the original edition, rather than a single fixed text left unchanged for decades. That sustained editorial revision across multiple editions, checkable by comparing entries between editions, is real evidence the work keeps being judged worth maintaining. This atlas draws on its entries covering the Black Stone, the Kaaba, Dhu al-Fakar and early Quran codices specifically. Use it for established facts on the specific topics its entries address; it documents what is known and taught, not a theological ruling.FactsClaims Backed By This Source (744 claims)Comments (0)Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)FactsAssessmentReliability TierWell-attested1A standard multi volume academic reference on Islam from Brill, its entries revised and added across two overlapping editions as Islamic studies scholarship has developed rather than left unchanged for decades.NotesWell-attestedThe standard academic reference on Islam; articles on al-Hadjar al-Aswad (the Black Stone), the Kaaba, Dhu al-Fakar (Zulfiqar), the relics of the Prophet and early Quran codices.CitationAuthorWell-attestedP. Bearman et al. (eds.)PublisherWell-attestedBrill, LeidenPublication YearWell-attested2005Source TypeWell-attestedreferenceClaims Backed By This Source (744 claims)This source backs 744 claims across the atlas. As facts: 547 well-attested, 13 scholarly debate, 2 open question. As cited relationships: 61 holds, 22 connected, 1 held Differently. Plus 98 entities citing it as a general reference with no single fact or relationship attached.Disposition By TopicArticles, 271 claims: 225 well-attested, 22 connected, 24 general references.Historical Figures, 204 claims: 145 well-attested, 8 scholarly debate, 2 open question, 27 holds, 22 general references.Figures, 70 claims: 52 well-attested, 2 scholarly debate, 6 holds, 10 general references.Schools of Religious Law, 54 claims: 42 well-attested, 7 holds, 1 held Differently, 4 general references.Sacred Architecture, 46 claims: 37 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 8 general references.Artifacts & Relics, 29 claims: 9 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 11 holds, 8 general references.Sacred Sound, 12 claims: 8 well-attested, 1 holds, 3 general references.Denominations, 8 claims: 5 well-attested, 1 holds, 2 general references.Open Questions, 8 claims: 6 well-attested, 1 holds, 1 general references.Practices, 8 claims: 6 well-attested, 1 holds, 1 general references.Scriptures & Texts, 8 claims: 1 well-attested, 4 holds, 3 general references.Sources, 7 claims: 7 well-attested.Religious Events, 6 claims: 2 well-attested, 1 holds, 3 general references.Doctrines, 4 claims: 1 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 2 general references.Historical Periods, 2 claims: 1 well-attested, 1 general references.Organizations, 2 claims: 2 general references.Religious Dress & Vestments, 2 claims: 2 general references.Religious Orders, 1 claims: 1 general references.Schools of Theology, 1 claims: 1 holds.Subcategories, 1 claims: 1 general references.Well-attested547ArticlesA Burial Refused, and a Cemetery LevelledA Clean Place to Bow, Carried with YouA Collection Assembled for LawyersA Compilation Built to Answer a Community's Lost Access to Its ImamA Compiler Who Shows His WorkingA Court Conversion Tradition Marks a Turning Point for Shi'ism in IranA Court That Painted Its Own TheologyA Cousin in the First Civil WarA Critic of Sufism Becomes the Order's Own Third MasterA Distinctive TheologyA Family's Legal Training Becomes an Entire MethodA Festival That Grew After Its SubjectA Founding Text Keeps Its Place Atop a Thousand Years of ScholarshipA Jurist Who Trusted Transmitted Report Founds Sunni Islam's Smallest SchoolA Jurist's Refusal Under Imprisonment Outlasts the Inquisition That Demanded ItA Living Regional Standard in North and West AfricaA Month That Moves Through Every SeasonA Night of Prayer That Is Also a Night of FireworksA Pillar and a GatheringA Polymath's Wider Study of Religion and TimeA Preacher Predates Every School He InfluencedA Rationalist School's Own Student Breaks With It in His MaturityA Record Preserved Almost Entirely Through Other People's TestimonyA Royal Gamelan Played Once a YearA Rule Held Across the Whole CommunityA Scholar Driven From Baghdad Founds Najaf's Enduring SeminaryA School Distinguished by How Far Reason Can Reach AloneA Single Afternoon That Requires a Year of PlanningA Universal History, and a Very Modern AfterlifeA Western Book, Not an Eastern OneA Woman's Spiritual Standing Is Measured by the Men Who Ranked Her Above ThemselvesAccess Restricted by Faith, Not by FragilityAn Eighth Century Jurist Whose Students Preserved His TeachingArchitectural Development of the MosqueAuthenticity and ScholarshipAuthenticity and ScholarshipBeads for the Names and the PraisesBetween Sunni and ShiaBooks in the WallsCalculating The Qibla across HistoryChaldiran and the Making of a Confessional BorderCongregational Life and the MosqueDebate over Instrumentation In NasheedDhabihah, the Prescribed SlaughterDiscipline Shared Across the CommunityDoctrine, Suppression and the Ibadi SurvivalExplaining the Quran by ReportFour Centuries at the Margin, and Then the CentreFrom Brass Instrument to Phone ApplicationGrading, and a Second Book About What the Prophet Was LikeShowing 1 to 50 of 193 entities carrying this claim. NextScholarly debate13Artifacts & RelicsZulfiqarDoctrinesAdhab al-QabrFiguresIbn AbbasHistorical FiguresAl-BiruniAl-TirmidhiAurangzebIbn KathirIbn MajahSacred ArchitectureMinaretOpen question2Historical FiguresFatima of NishapurHolds61Artifacts & RelicsArk of the CovenantBlack Stone of the KaabaStaff of Moses (Topkapi Palace)Tablets of the LawZulfiqarDenominationsIbadismFiguresAbu TalibAliFatima MasumehZaynab bint AliHistorical FiguresAbu HanifaAhmad ibn HanbalAl-Ash'arial-KulayniAllama al-HilliAl-MaturidiAl-Shafi'iFatima of NishapurHasan al-BasriIbn Ata Allah al-SakandariIbn MujahidJahangirShaykh al-TusiOpen QuestionsWhen was Fatima of Nishapur born, and when did she die?PracticesHalalReligious EventsThe First FitnaSacred SoundThe Seven Qira'at (Sab'ah)Schools of Religious LawIbadi SchoolZahiri SchoolZaidi SchoolSchools of TheologyMaturidi SchoolScriptures & TextsJami' al-Rabi'Musnad al-Imam ZaydConnected22ArticlesA Compilation Built to Answer a Community's Lost Access to Its ImamA Court Conversion Tradition Marks a Turning Point for Shi'ism in IranA Critic of Sufism Becomes the Order's Own Third MasterA Family's Legal Training Becomes an Entire MethodA Founding Text Keeps Its Place Atop a Thousand Years of ScholarshipA Jurist Who Trusted Transmitted Report Founds Sunni Islam's Smallest SchoolA Jurist's Refusal Under Imprisonment Outlasts the Inquisition That Demanded ItA Preacher Predates Every School He InfluencedA Rationalist School's Own Student Breaks With It in His MaturityA Record Preserved Almost Entirely Through Other People's TestimonyA Scholar Driven From Baghdad Founds Najaf's Enduring SeminaryA School Distinguished by How Far Reason Can Reach AloneA Woman's Spiritual Standing Is Measured by the Men Who Ranked Her Above ThemselvesAn Eighth Century Jurist Whose Students Preserved His TeachingOne Author Gives an Order Both Its Best Loved Book and Its Own HistoryOne Jurist Supplies Both the Texts and the Method to Read ThemOne Letter Founds a School, Without Becoming ItOne Theologian's Middle Course Becomes Sunni Islam's Dominant SchoolOne Treatise Reshapes Sunni Method Beyond Its Own SchoolQiyas and Istihsan: Praise and CriticismTravel Across Three Centers Feeds One Legal SynthesisTwo Theologians in Different Cities Found Sunni Kalam's Two SchoolsHeld Differently1Schools of Religious LawZahiri SchoolGeneral References98ArticlesA Compilation Built to Answer a Community's Lost Access to Its ImamA Court Conversion Tradition Marks a Turning Point for Shi'ism in IranA Critic of Sufism Becomes the Order's Own Third MasterA Family's Legal Training Becomes an Entire MethodA Founding Text Keeps Its Place Atop a Thousand Years of ScholarshipA Jurist Who Trusted Transmitted Report Founds Sunni Islam's Smallest SchoolA Jurist's Refusal Under Imprisonment Outlasts the Inquisition That Demanded ItA Preacher Predates Every School He InfluencedA Rationalist School's Own Student Breaks With It in His MaturityA Record Preserved Almost Entirely Through Other People's TestimonyA Scholar Driven From Baghdad Founds Najaf's Enduring SeminaryA School Distinguished by How Far Reason Can Reach AloneA Woman's Spiritual Standing Is Measured by the Men Who Ranked Her Above ThemselvesAn Eighth Century Jurist Whose Students Preserved His TeachingOne Author Gives an Order Both Its Best Loved Book and Its Own HistoryOne Death, Read Two Ways by the Family He ProtectedOne Jurist Supplies Both the Texts and the Method to Read ThemOne Letter Founds a School, Without Becoming ItOne Theologian's Middle Course Becomes Sunni Islam's Dominant SchoolOne Treatise Reshapes Sunni Method Beyond Its Own SchoolQiyas and Istihsan: Praise and CriticismThe Scholar Who Fixed the Count at SevenTravel Across Three Centers Feeds One Legal SynthesisTwo Theologians in Different Cities Found Sunni Kalam's Two SchoolsArtifacts & RelicsArk of the CovenantBlack Stone of the KaabaBlessed Mantle of the ProphetSamarkand Kufic QuranStaff of Moses (Topkapi Palace)Swords of the Prophet Muhammad (Topkapi Palace)Tablets of the LawZulfiqarDenominationsIbadismKharijitesDoctrinesAdhab al-QabrFitnat al-QabrFiguresAbu TalibAisha bint Abi BakrEnochFatima MasumehHagarHasan ibn AliIbn AbbasIbn TaymiyyaUthmanZaynab bint AliHistorical FiguresAbd al-Rahman JamiAbu Dawud al-SijistaniAbu HanifaAhmad ibn HanbalShowing 1 to 50 of 98 entities carrying this claim. 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