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Breslov Hasidism

Also Known As Breslov · Bratslav Hasidism · Breslever Hasidism
Judaism
Origin from 1802

Breslov is the Hasidic group formed around Nachman of Breslov, a great-grandson of the Baal Shem Tov, who died in 1810 at the age of thirty-eight. It is the only Hasidic movement with no living rebbe: his followers appointed no successor, and his adherents treat that as a deliberate condition rather than a failure. It is defined by his teachings and his tales, and by hitbodedut, the practice of unstructured solitary speech to God in one's own language.

Facts
Position Profile
Key Text
Likutei Moharan, the collected teachings of Rebbe Nachman. 1
Status
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 2
Practice Status Detail
The only Hasidic group with no living rebbe, by its own choice; hitbodedut, solitary spoken prayer, is its characteristic practice 2
Trajectory
Membership Over Time
Historians of Hasidism estimate the fully committed core of Breslov Hasidim at around seven thousand households worldwide, a figure that excludes the much larger circle of admirers and semi-committed supporters; as many as forty thousand pilgrims, many with no other formal tie to the movement, gather each year for the Rosh Hashanah pilgrimage to Rebbe Nachman's grave in Uman, Ukraine, showing how far the movement's reach now extends beyond its committed membership. 2
Basis of the Membership Figure
Scholarly or Demographic Estimate 2
Organisation
Governance
No central authority 2
Matches Hasidic Judaism, already carried as decentralised; if anything more so, having appointed no living successor to Nachman of Breslov.
Ordination
No successor by deliberate choice 1
Its own record states its followers "appointed no successor" after Nachman's death in 1810 and that its adherents "treat that as a deliberate condition rather than a failure," the leaderless-by-choice stance this enum value names.
Practice
Liturgical Language
Hebrew 2
A Hasidic movement; Hebrew is the liturgical language across Hasidic Judaism.
Observance
Observance Note
Unusual among Hasidic groups in never appointing a successor rebbe after Nachman's death in 1810; followers are sometimes called the Dead Hasidim for this reason. 1
Origins
Origin Period
from 1802 1
Origin Period
to 1810 2
Place of Origin
Bratslav (Breslov) in Ukraine, where Rebbe Nachman settled and taught. 1
Founder
Nachman of Breslov, 1772 to 1810 2
Origin of the Name
Named for the town of Bratslav (Breslov), where Rebbe Nachman established his court. 1
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
The tzaddik or rebbe as spiritual intermediary and head of the community 2
Its adherents continue devotion to Nachman of Breslov as their tzaddik despite appointing no living successor, its own record stating they "treat that as a deliberate condition" while remaining "defined by his teachings and his tales."
Learn More
Hitbodedut, and Teaching Through Tales

The practice Breslov is known for is hitbodedut, secluding oneself. An hour a day, ideally in a field or somewhere else nobody is listening, spent speaking aloud to God in ordinary spoken language rather than in the fixed liturgy: complaining, asking, arguing, saying whatever is actually there. Nachman treated this as the central work and not as a supplement to prayer, and the insistence on the vernacular is the point, because a person who must translate into a sacred register has already started performing.

The teaching arrives in two very different literatures. Likutey Moharan is the collection of his discourses, dense, associative, built out of verses and rabbinic passages brought together in ways that do not announce their logic. The Sippurey Maasiyot are thirteen long stories, about lost princesses, exchanged children, a beggar with no hands, told without any interpretation attached. Nachman told them late, said that they were how he would reach people who could no longer be reached directly, and left the reader to do the work.

Two further emphases run through both. One is simcha, joy, treated as an obligation and a discipline rather than a mood, with despair named as the real danger. The other is simplicity: the doubts are not to be resolved by argument but outlasted, and the person who keeps going without an answer is doing the thing correctly.

No Successor, and the Gathering at Uman

Nachman died of tuberculosis in Uman in 1810, at thirty-eight, and his followers appointed nobody in his place. In a movement organised entirely around the living rebbe that is a structural anomaly, and outsiders named the group for it, calling them the Hasidim of the dead rebbe. Breslov Hasidim have generally accepted the description and reversed its force, holding that the rebbe remains the rebbe and that the absence of a successor is a condition of the group rather than a failure of it.

The consequence is that Breslov has no court and no dynasty, and therefore no single authority. It exists as a set of study circles, publishers, synagogues and teachers, some in strict Haredi communities and some among people with no other religious affiliation, who agree about the books and about very little else. That looseness is why it grew so widely in Israel and beyond in the later twentieth century, and why the group is difficult to count.

The one thing that gathers it is the Rosh Hashanah pilgrimage. Nachman asked his followers to be with him for the new year, and they have gone to his grave in Uman to do it, in numbers that now run to tens of thousands, through a Soviet period when reaching the town at all was dangerous and required considerable ingenuity. The Tikkun HaKlali, ten psalms he specified as a general remedy, is recited there and daily elsewhere.

Breslov Hasidism
Filter Results5 entries
Connections

Associated With

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

Belongs to Tradition

Judaism, Religions

Branch Of

Judaism, Religions

Contained In

Breslov Hasidism is a Hasidic court, contained within Hasidic Judaism specifically rather than the broader Haredi umbrella.

Source The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern EuropeGershon David Hundert (ed.)

Founded By

Nachman of Breslov, who died in 1810 and appointed no successor.

Source The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern EuropeGershon David Hundert (ed.)

Governed By Polity

Holds Element

Kabbalah, Disciplines

Breslov teaching is Kabbalistic in its frame while presenting itself in story and counsel rather than in the technical vocabulary of the schools.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

The Shulchan Aruch is held as the standard authoritative code of practical halakha.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Uman, Sacred Sites

The grave of Nachman of Breslov, where his followers gather for the new year in numbers now reaching the tens of thousands, on the strength of his instruction to come to him on that day.

Held Differently

Niggun, Sacred Sound

Breslov holds the form on a narrower footing, with a small concentrated repertory tied to its own teaching that joy is an obligation, rather than the large catalogued body Chabad maintains.

Source Music in Lubavitcher LifeEllen Koskoff
Tzadik, Religious Roles & Titles

Breslov has appointed no rebbe since Nachman died in 1810. The tzadik is held to be Nachman himself in perpetuity, which makes this the one Hasidic group with a living community and a dead rebbe by principle rather than by accident.

Source Tormented Master: The Life and Spiritual Quest of Rabbi Nahman of BratslavArthur Green

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. Orthodox observance keeps the full thirty-nine categories of forbidden work, so no writing, cooking, carrying outside an eruv, or use of electricity, with timers set beforehand, and the day given to synagogue, meals, study and rest.

The Oral Torah in its entirety is held as revealed at Sinai and equally binding with the Written Torah.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Oseh Shalom, Prayers

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. The Seder is conducted from the Haggadah in full, with the four cups and the four questions.

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. Pesukei Dezimra opens the morning service.

Pidyon Haben, Rituals

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. A firstborn son of a mother is redeemed from a kohen on the thirty-first day, unless the father is a kohen or a levi.

Pilgrimage, Practices

The pilgrimage to Uman for the New Year draws tens of thousands of men annually and is the largest single gathering of this kind in the Jewish world.

Prayer, Practices

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. Prayer is obligatory, fixed in text and in time, and the obligation falls on men three times daily.

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. The Purim play is a licensed annual reversal, and in the yeshivot it is turned on the institution itself.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. The Omer is counted aloud, with a blessing, on each of the forty-nine nights.

Selichot, Practices

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. Selichot are said in the penitential season and on the fast days.

Shabbat, Rituals

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. The Sabbath as a day of prescribed rest, prayer and meals is the frame the whole week is built on.

Shacharit, Practices

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. Shacharit is prayed daily, ordinarily with a quorum of ten, with tefillin on weekdays.

Shema Yisrael, Prayers
Shemira, Rituals

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. The body is watched continuously from death until burial.

Sheva Brachot, Rituals

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. The seven blessings are said under the canopy and repeated at meals through the following week.

Shiva, Rituals

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. Seven days of mourning are kept at home, the mourners seated low and not going out.

Shloshim, Rituals

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. Thirty days of lesser mourning follow the seven.

The slaughterer's qualification and practice are governed in detail by the Shulchan Aruch's Yoreh De'ah, which sets both the law of shechitah and the requirement that a shochet be examined and licensed before he may act for a community.

Source Shulchan AruchJoseph Karo

The Shulchan Aruch is held as the standard authoritative code of practical halakha.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

The scribe's work is governed by the Shulchan Aruch's Yoreh De'ah, which sets the law for the writing of Torah scrolls, tefillin and mezuzot, down to the forming of the letters and the intention required while writing the divine name.

Source Shulchan AruchJoseph Karo

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. Scribal work on Torah scrolls, tefillin and mezuzot is done to the received halakhic standards, and a scroll that fails them is not used.

Tahara, Rituals

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. The body is washed and purified by the burial society before dressing.

The Talmud is held as authoritative and binding, the shared Orthodox and Hasidic floor of this stream's legal observance.

Source The Babylonian TalmudAnonymous (multiple authors)

The Tanakh is held as divinely revealed scripture.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Tithing, Practices

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. Maaser, the tenth, is given from income, and the practice survived the loss of the agricultural tithes it began as.

The Torah is held as verbatim divine revelation given at Sinai.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

Affirmed in the classical Orthodox and Hasidic form shared across this stream's parent movement.

Source Tormented Master: The Life and Spiritual Quest of Rabbi Nahman of BratslavArthur Green
Upsherin, Rituals

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. A boy's first haircut is delayed to his third birthday.

Yahrzeit, Practices

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. The Yahrzeit is kept with Kaddish and a lamp on the anniversary of a death.

Yichud, Rituals

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. The couple withdraw alone after the ceremony, which completes the marriage in halakhah.

Yizkor, Prayers

Showing 51 to 87 of 87 in Objects and Practices of This Tradition, page 2 of 2.

Uses Liturgical Language

Hebrew, Languages
Sources
1. Tormented Master: The Life and Spiritual Quest of Rabbi Nahman of Bratslav
Arthur Green, University of Alabama Press, 1979View the Source
2. The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
Gershon David Hundert (ed.), Yale University Press / YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 2008View the Source
Music in Lubavitcher Life
Ellen Koskoff, University of Illinois Press, 2001
Founder of Hasidism: A Quest for the Historical Ba'al Shem Tov
Moshe Rosman, University of California Press, 1996the Baal Shem Tov and the shape of early Hasidic leadership
Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd edition
Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.), Macmillan Reference USA, 2007entries on Nahman of Bratslav and on Bratslav HasidismView the Source
Open Questions (1 open question)
What Year Does the Seven Thousand Household Estimate for Breslov Reflect?

Breslov has no central membership roll, so the scholarly estimate of its committed core is a researcher's reading of community size rather than a dated census, and the sources reporting it do not state the year the underlying fieldwork or count was made.

What would resolve this A published methodology note from the estimate's original researcher, or a fresh dated count of registered Breslov institutions and their affiliated households, would anchor the figure to an actual year.
Gershon David Hundert (ed.), The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
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