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Sacred Correspondences
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Prayer

Devotional Practices

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Origin Addressed speech to a god is attested in the earliest written record of every literate tradition

Communication with the divine through petition, praise, thanksgiving, confession, or silent contemplation, found in nearly every religion. It may be fixed and liturgical, following set words and hours, or free and spontaneous, offered alone or in community. Postures vary: standing, kneeling, prostration, bowing, hands raised or joined. Jews pray three times daily, Muslims five, Christians in many forms from the Lord's Prayer to contemplative silence, Hindus and Buddhists through mantra and devotion. Prayer expresses dependence on and relationship with the sacred, seeks help, guidance, and forgiveness, and turns heart and mind repeatedly toward God.

Facts
Practice
Category of Practice
Prayer takes many forms across traditions, including petition, praise, confession, intercession and contemplative or wordless prayer, and most traditions recognise several of these forms as distinct practices within a single broader category. 1
Who Performs It
All adherents of the tradition 1
Cadence DetailSourced to the subject's own account
Some traditions set prayer to prescribed times, such as the three daily services of Jewish practice or the five daily prayers of Islam, while others emphasize spontaneous, unscripted address; many traditions, Pentecostal and Methodist practice among them, use both fixed and free forms side by side. 2
Solitary or Communal
Performed alone or together 1
Observance
Observance Note
Jews pray three times daily, Muslims five, Christians in many forms from the Lord's Prayer to contemplative silence, Hindus and Buddhists through mantra and devotion. 1
Form
Posture and Bodily FormSourced to the subject's own account
Bodily postures used in prayer across traditions include standing, sitting, kneeling and full prostration, with the hands folded, clasped or raised; Muslim prayer moves through bowing, kneeling and prostration in sequence, Hindu practice joins the palms in the gesture called pranam, and early Christian practice favored standing with arms outspread rather than the kneeling, clasped hand posture that became common in medieval Europe. 2
Status
Status TodaySourced to the subject's own account
Living tradition, practised today 2
Scholarship and Forensics
Scholarly Note
Fixed daily counts differ sharply by tradition and are treated as meaningful rather than incidental: Jews pray three times daily and Muslims five, while many Christian and most Hindu and Buddhist forms of prayer set no required count at all, favoring occasion or disposition over a fixed number of repetitions. 1
Origins
Origin Period
Addressed speech to a god is attested in the earliest written record of every literate tradition 1
Origin Period
No datable origin 1
Attributions
Tradition
Practiced across virtually every religious tradition rather than confined to one, as spoken, silent or ritually structured address to a deity, spirits or a transcendent reality. 1
Evidence
Basis of the EvidenceSourced to the subject's own account
Multiple well controlled clinical trials have tested whether intercessory prayer affects patient recovery and found no consistent effect, with some results even suggesting a negative one; the philosopher Daniel Dennett has separately raised the concern that reliance on petitionary prayer can discourage a person from taking active measures, citing fatal cases among Christian Scientists who declined medical treatment. 2
In Other Languages (98 names)
  • Gebet
  • صلاة
  • Aiamihewina
  • Dua
  • ناماز
  • Pamibi
  • Sembiang
  • Малітва
  • Молитва
  • প্রার্থনা (উপাসনা)
  • Pedenn
  • Molitva
  • Pregària
  • نوێژ
  • Preghere
  • Modlitba
  • Mòdlëtwa
  • Кĕлĕ
  • Gweddi
  • Bøn
  • Προσευχή
  • Orasiòun (religiòun)
  • Preĝo
  • Oración (religión)
  • Palve
  • Otoitz
  • نماز
  • Juulde
  • Rukoilu
  • Prière
  • Gebed
  • Urnaí
  • Lapriyèr
  • Ùrnaigh
  • Oración (relixión)
  • Padjer
  • Khì-tó
  • תפילה
  • प्रार्थना
  • Ima
  • Աղոթք
  • Prece
  • Doa
  • Preghiera
  • 祈り
  • Praya
  • Donga
  • ლოცვა
  • Taẓallit
  • Naai A̱gwaza
  • Мінәжат
  • ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ
  • 기도
  • Dia
  • Preces
  • Oraziun
  • Orazzion
  • Losámbo
  • Malda
  • Lūgšana
  • Vavaka
  • Кумалтыш
  • Залбирал
  • Sembahyang
  • Ouraçon
  • Fangandrö
  • Bønn
  • Preguiera
  • ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ
  • Modlitwa
  • لمونځ
  • Oração
  • Uraziun
  • Igisabisho
  • Rugăciune
  • Rugâciuni
  • Pregadoria
  • دُعا
  • Molitev
  • Munamato
  • Lutja
  • Bön
  • Sala
  • Rzykańy
  • பிரார்த்தனை
  • การอธิษฐาน
  • Dasal
  • toki sewi
  • Дога
  • Ibodat
  • Cầu nguyện
  • 祷告
  • Umthandazo
  • Kî-tó
  • 祈禱
  • ጸሎት
  • སྨོན་ལམ།
  • អធិដ្ឋាន
Learn More
The Shapes Prayer Takes

Prayer is usually sorted by what it does, petition, praise, thanksgiving, confession, intercession, but the more revealing division is by form, because form is what a tradition actually teaches and enforces.

Fixed prayer is set text at set times. Muslims pray five times daily at hours determined by the sun, facing Mecca, in a sequence of standing, bowing, prostrating and sitting that is identical in Jakarta and in Lagos. Observant Jews pray three times a day from a fixed liturgy, and the obligation attaches to the hour rather than to the mood. Christian monastic communities divide the day into offices and rise in the night for one of them. The point of fixity is precisely that it does not depend on wanting to.

Free prayer is composed while it is spoken. It dominates Protestant and especially evangelical practice, where praying aloud extempore in a group is a normal acquired skill and reading a written prayer can be heard as insincere. The two forms have been in real tension rather than polite coexistence: the English quarrels over set liturgy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were about exactly this, and people were imprisoned over it.

Silent prayer dispenses with words. Quaker meeting waits without any programme at all. Orthodox hesychasm repeats one sentence until it sinks below deliberate thought. Catholic contemplative prayer aims at wordless attention and has a technical literature on how to tell that from mere absence of mind.

The body is not incidental to any of it. Muslims prostrate; Orthodox Christians make full prostrations in Lent; Jews bend at named points of the standing prayer and rise on the toes at others; Hindus touch the feet of an image or a teacher; Tibetan pilgrims measure a route in body-lengths. Where a tradition specifies what to do with your knees, it is making a claim about what prayer is.

Does Anyone Hear

Every tradition that prays has had to meet the obvious objection, and the answers are not the same answer in different words.

The petitionary problem is sharpest where God is held to be both all-knowing and unchanging: if God already knows the need and has already settled the outcome, asking can neither inform nor persuade. Classical Christian and Muslim theology generally answers that prayer is a cause God has ordained rather than a lever applied to God, and that its principal effect is on the one praying. That is a coherent answer, and it satisfies almost nobody in distress, which is why the practice has always outrun its own theology.

Traditions without a personal God pray anyway, and this is where comparison earns its keep. Theravada Buddhist chanting is not addressed to a being who can grant requests; it is understood to settle and purify the mind of the chanter and to generate merit. Recitation before a Buddha image is not petition in the Abrahamic sense, and calling it that is among the commonest errors in general accounts. Jain practice is stricter still: the liberated souls invoked in the central Jain formula cannot intervene and are not asked to, and the recitation is an act of orientation rather than of request. To read either as a weaker form of asking God for things is to misdescribe it.

Efficacy studies exist and are worth stating plainly. Trials of intercessory prayer for medical outcomes, including a large multi-site study of cardiac patients published in 2006, have not found benefit. Believers reasonably object that the design assumes exactly the mechanical account of prayer their own theologians reject, and that a God who responded to randomisation would be a different sort of God. Nothing in the results settles whether prayer is worth doing, and most people who pray have never treated it primarily as a means of obtaining outcomes.

The Architecture of the Day

The most consequential thing about prayer is not what it asks for but that it recurs. A religion that fixes prayer times has taken possession of its adherents' days, and that is a larger claim on a life than any doctrine.

Islam is the clearest case. The five prayers are tied to solar positions, so the schedule shifts through the year and differs by latitude, and in high northern summers jurists have had to rule on what to do where night barely falls. The call to prayer sets the acoustic character of a Muslim city. Employers, airlines, hospitals and armies accommodate it, and where they decline to, it becomes a matter for the courts.

Judaism fixes three services and attaches short blessings to a great many ordinary acts, so that the day is punctuated by formulas rather than only by services. Christian monasticism built an entire architecture of time: the offices, the bell, the rising in the dark. It shaped European timekeeping itself, and the mechanical clock was developed in part to wake monks reliably.

There is a comparative point here that resists the usual framing. Fixed prayer is often described as a burden that sincerity lightens, but practitioners across these traditions describe the opposite relation: the schedule is what carries them when sincerity is absent, and the days it is hardest to pray are held to be the days it matters most. It works in the way a rule of exercise works. This is why the traditions that keep it are entirely unembarrassed about the mechanical quality of the obligation, and why converts often report the schedule, rather than the belief, as the thing that changed their life.

In the Texts
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 1.3.28The Upanishads (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 1 and 15)prayer

Lead me from the unreal to the real! Lead me from darkness to light! Lead me from death to immortality! Now when he says, 'Lead me from the unreal to the real,' the unreal is verily death, the real immortality.

The Upanishads (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 1 and 15). translated by F. Max Muller.

About This Passage

Deuteronomy 6:4-5The Holy Bible, American Standard Versionthe oneness of God

Hear, O Israel: Jehovah our God is one Jehovah: and thou shalt love Jehovah thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.

Recited as prayer morning and evening.

The Holy Bible, American Standard Version. translated by American Revision Committee.

About This Passage

Matthew 6:9-10The Holy Bible, American Standard Versionprayer

After this manner therefore pray ye: Our Father who art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so on earth.

The model prayer of Christian practice.

The Holy Bible, American Standard Version. translated by American Revision Committee.

About This Passage

Numbers 6:24-26The Holy Bible, American Standard Versionblessing

Jehovah bless thee, and keep thee: Jehovah make his face to shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee: Jehovah lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace.

The Holy Bible, American Standard Version. translated by American Revision Committee.

About This Passage

Quran 1:1-7 (al-Fatiha)The Qur'an (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 6 and 9)prayer

IN the name of the merciful and compassionate God. Praise belongs to God, the Lord of the worlds, the merciful, the compassionate, the ruler of the day of judgment! Thee we serve and Thee we ask for aid. Guide us in the right path, the path of those Thou art gracious to; not of those Thou art wroth with; nor of those who err.

Recited in every rak'ah of the salat.

The Qur'an (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 6 and 9). translated by E. H. Palmer.

About This Passage

Quran 2:255 (Ayat al-Kursi; Palmer 2:256)The Qur'an (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 6 and 9)the oneness of God

God, there is no god but He, the living, the self-subsistent. Slumber takes Him not, nor sleep. His is what is in the heavens and what is in the earth. Who is it that intercedes with Him save by His permission? He knows what is before them and what behind them, and they comprehend not aught of His knowledge but of what He pleases. His throne extends over the heavens and the earth, and it tires Him not to guard them both, for He is high and grand.

The Qur'an (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 6 and 9). translated by E. H. Palmer.

About This Passage

Rig Veda 3.62.10 (the Gayatri)The Hymns of the Rigvedaprayer

May we attain that excellent glory of Savitar the God: So May he stimulate our prayers.

The Hymns of the Rigveda. translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith.

About This Passage

Cross-Tradition Connections

Belongs to Tradition

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Prayer stands among the means of grace Wesley called the works of piety, alongside searching the scriptures, the Lord's Supper and fasting.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Prayer stands among the means of grace Wesley called the works of piety, alongside searching the scriptures, the Lord's Supper and fasting.

Aladura, Denominations

The name of this movement means the owners of prayer, and prayer, said aloud and at length and often through the night, is what the movement was founded on and named for.

Kept across the provinces of the Anglican Communion. Prayer is shaped by a single authorised book rather than by a devotional culture, so that a congregation anywhere says the same words on the same day.

Prayer is shaped by a single authorised book rather than by a devotional culture, so that a congregation anywhere says the same words on the same day.

Source The Book of Common PrayerChurch of England; ed. Brian Cummings

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Prayer follows a fixed daily cycle in each of these churches, the Coptic Agpeya, the Armenian Zhamagirk and the Ethiopian horologion, rather than a single common book.

The daily office follows the East Syriac books, and Syriac is the liturgical language.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Baptist, Denominations

Prayer is ordinarily free rather than read, and the tradition has resisted set forms in public worship from the seventeenth century onward.

Prayer is led by the kessim, the priests of this community, in Ge'ez, and its forms descend from a Judaism that never received the rabbinic corpus.

Kept in Breslov Hasidism. Prayer is obligatory, fixed in text and in time, and the obligation falls on men three times daily.

Prayer is treated as the chief exercise of faith, and the Heidelberg Catechism makes it the whole of its third part, on thankfulness.

Source The Heidelberg CatechismZacharias Ursinus and Caspar Olevianus (traditional attribution)

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Prayer is obligatory, fixed in text and in time, and the obligation falls on men three times daily.

Kept in the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. Prayer stands among the means of grace Wesley called the works of piety, alongside searching the scriptures, the Lord's Supper and fasting.

Prayer is understood as the correction of thought rather than as petition to a God who might or might not grant it, and it is the means by which healing is sought.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Kept in the Church of Cyprus, autocephalous since the Council of Ephesus in 431. Prayer here is weighted toward the fixed cycle of the services and toward the short repeated prayer of the heart rather than toward extempore petition.

Kept in the Church of England, the province from which the Prayer Book tradition comes. Prayer is shaped by a single authorised book rather than by a devotional culture, so that a congregation anywhere says the same words on the same day.

Prayer for the sick, with anointing, is practised in this body.

Kept in the Church of Greece. Prayer here is weighted toward the fixed cycle of the services and toward the short repeated prayer of the heart rather than toward extempore petition.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Prayer is shaped by a single authorised book rather than by a devotional culture, so that a congregation anywhere says the same words on the same day.

Kept in the Church of Scotland, the established Presbyterian church of that country. Prayer is treated as the chief exercise of faith, and the Heidelberg Catechism makes it the whole of its third part, on thankfulness.

Kept in the Church of Sweden, which retained the historic episcopate through the Reformation as few Lutheran churches did. The Small Catechism teaches morning and evening prayer, grace at table and the Lord's Prayer as the shape of household devotion.

Kept in the Church of the Nazarene, which stands in the Wesleyan holiness line. Prayer stands among the means of grace Wesley called the works of piety, alongside searching the scriptures, the Lord's Supper and fasting.

Prayer follows the traditional Hebrew liturgy with abbreviations, and men and women count equally in the quorum in most congregations of this body.

Kept in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. Prayer follows a fixed daily cycle in each of these churches, the Coptic Agpeya, the Armenian Zhamagirk and the Ethiopian horologion, rather than a single common book.

Prayer at the table is offered by elders of the congregation rather than by the minister, which follows from this body's conviction that ministry is not a separate order.

Kept in the Dutch Reformed tradition, which holds the Heidelberg Catechism among its confessional standards. Prayer is treated as the chief exercise of faith, and the Heidelberg Catechism makes it the whole of its third part, on thankfulness.

Prayer here is weighted toward the fixed cycle of the services and toward the short repeated prayer of the heart rather than toward extempore petition.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)

Kept in the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the see of first honour among the Orthodox churches. Prayer here is weighted toward the fixed cycle of the services and toward the short repeated prayer of the heart rather than toward extempore petition.

Kept in the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Prayer follows a fixed daily cycle in each of these churches, the Coptic Agpeya, the Armenian Zhamagirk and the Ethiopian horologion, rather than a single common book.

Kept in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Prayer follows a fixed daily cycle in each of these churches, the Coptic Agpeya, the Armenian Zhamagirk and the Ethiopian horologion, rather than a single common book.

Kept in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The Small Catechism teaches morning and evening prayer, grace at table and the Lord's Prayer as the shape of household devotion.

Kept in the Free Methodist Church. Prayer stands among the means of grace Wesley called the works of piety, alongside searching the scriptures, the Lord's Supper and fasting.

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. Prayer here is weighted toward the fixed cycle of the services and toward the short repeated prayer of the heart rather than toward extempore petition.

Kept in the Global Methodist Church, formed in 2022. Prayer stands among the means of grace Wesley called the works of piety, alongside searching the scriptures, the Lord's Supper and fasting.

Kept in the Greek Orthodox churches. Prayer here is weighted toward the fixed cycle of the services and toward the short repeated prayer of the heart rather than toward extempore petition.

Kept in Haredi Judaism, where the halakhic standard is the strictest and the most stringent opinion is ordinarily followed. Prayer is obligatory, fixed in text and in time, and the obligation falls on men three times daily.

Kept in Hasidic Judaism. Prayer is obligatory, fixed in text and in time, and the obligation falls on men three times daily.

Hinduism, Religions
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This movement holds no service of prayer to God. Its gatherings use readings, music and reflection drawn from Jewish history and literature, and the difference is stated rather than concealed.

Islam, Religions
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Judaism, Religions
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Prayer is drawn overwhelmingly from the Psalms and from scripture rather than from the rabbinic prayer book, and it is said prostrate.

Prayer and hymn singing shape worship, and this church's brass bands and choirs are among the best known in central Africa.

The Small Catechism teaches morning and evening prayer, grace at table and the Lord's Prayer as the shape of household devotion.

The daily office follows the Syriac books, and Syriac remains the language of the central prayers of the liturgy.

Prayer stands among the means of grace Wesley called the works of piety, alongside searching the scriptures, the Lord's Supper and fasting.

Kept in Modern Orthodox Judaism, alongside full engagement with secular study and with the state. Prayer is obligatory, fixed in text and in time, and the obligation falls on men three times daily.

The Daily Texts, a scripture verse for every day of the year drawn by lot and published annually since the eighteenth century, shape prayer in this church and are used far beyond it.

Kept in the National Baptist Convention of America International. Prayer is ordinarily free rather than read, and the tradition has resisted set forms in public worship from the seventeenth century onward.

Prayer is made with the two-finger sign of the cross, which was the Russian usage before the reforms and the refusal of which to abandon gave this body its existence.

Prayer follows a fixed daily cycle in each of these churches, the Coptic Agpeya, the Armenian Zhamagirk and the Ethiopian horologion, rather than a single common book.

Prayer is obligatory, fixed in text and in time, and the obligation falls on men three times daily.

Source Shulchan AruchJoseph Karo

Prayer in public worship is ordinarily led by the minister and was historically extempore rather than read, on the ground that no form may be imposed.

Source The Westminster Confession of FaithWestminster Assemblythe holders' own account

Kept in the Progressive National Baptist Convention. Prayer is ordinarily free rather than read, and the tradition has resisted set forms in public worship from the seventeenth century onward.

Prayer here is silence held in common. Friends gather seated facing one another, with no minister and no order of service, and anyone may speak when moved to.

Prayer is understood as the expression of a civilisation rather than as petition to a God who intervenes, and the liturgy was revised accordingly.

Prayer is offered in the vernacular alongside Hebrew, with organ and choir, and it is not held to be a fixed obligation falling on men alone.

Source The Pittsburgh PlatformCentral Conference of American Rabbis (predecessor gathering)the holders' own account

Prayer is treated as the whole fourth part of the Catechism, which sets out vocal prayer, meditation and contemplative prayer as the three expressions of the Christian life of prayer.

Source Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd editionHoly Seethe holders' own account

Kept in the Romanian Orthodox Church, the one Orthodox church of the Byzantine tradition whose language is Romance. Prayer here is weighted toward the fixed cycle of the services and toward the short repeated prayer of the heart rather than toward extempore petition.

Kept in the Russian Orthodox Church, in the Slavonic recension of the Byzantine books. Prayer here is weighted toward the fixed cycle of the services and toward the short repeated prayer of the heart rather than toward extempore petition.

Prayer follows the Syriac books, in the East Syriac form among the Syro-Malabar and Chaldean Syrian communities and the West Syriac among the Malankara.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Prayer here is weighted toward the fixed cycle of the services and toward the short repeated prayer of the heart rather than toward extempore petition.

Sikhism, Religions
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Kept in the Episcopal Church, whose own Prayer Book descends from the Scottish rather than the English line. Prayer is shaped by a single authorised book rather than by a devotional culture, so that a congregation anywhere says the same words on the same day.

Kept in the United Methodist Church. Prayer stands among the means of grace Wesley called the works of piety, alongside searching the scriptures, the Lord's Supper and fasting.

The daily cycle follows the Byzantine books in Ukrainian and Church Slavonic.

Kept in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Prayer here is weighted toward the fixed cycle of the services and toward the short repeated prayer of the heart rather than toward extempore petition.

Kept in the Wesleyan Church. Prayer stands among the means of grace Wesley called the works of piety, alongside searching the scriptures, the Lord's Supper and fasting.

Prayer, with the laying on of hands, is offered for healing and for protection.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Element Of

Source Islamic Mysticism: A Short HistoryAlexander Knysh
Source Islamic Mysticism: A Short HistoryAlexander Knysh
Source Islamic Mysticism: A Short HistoryAlexander Knysh

Passages on This

Deuteronomy 6:4-5, Passages

Recited as prayer morning and evening.

Matthew 6:9-10, Passages

The model prayer of Christian practice.

Quran 1:1-7 (al-Fatiha), Passages

Recited in every rak'ah of the salat.

Related To

Hitbodedut, Practices

Free personal prayer beside the fixed liturgy

Sources
1. Encyclopedia of Religion
Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005View the Source
2. Prayer (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, 2026Lead paragraph
Quote, Lead paragraph
Prayer is an invocation or act that seeks to activate a rapport with an object of worship through deliberate communication.
View the Source
The Heidelberg Catechism
Zacharias Ursinus and Caspar Olevianus (traditional attribution), Elector Frederick III of the Palatinate, Heidelberg, 1563Q&A 1
Quote, Q&A 1
What is your only comfort in life and in death? That I am not my own, but belong, body and soul, in life and in death, to my faithful Savior, Jesus Christ.
View the Source
Quaker Faith and Practice: The Book of Christian Discipline of the Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends in Britain
Britain Yearly Meeting, Britain Yearly Meetingthe holders' own accountView the Source
The Westminster Confession of Faith
Westminster Assembly, 1646the holders' own accountView the Source
The Pittsburgh Platform
Central Conference of American Rabbis (predecessor gathering), 1885the holders' own accountView the Source
The Book of Common Prayer
Church of England; ed. Brian Cummings, Oxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics), 2011View the Source
Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd edition
Holy See, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1997Part Four, Section One, para. 2559
Quote, Part Four, Section One, para. 2559
Prayer is the raising of one's mind and heart to God or the requesting of good things from God.
the holders' own accountView the Source
Shulchan Aruch
Joseph Karo, 1565View the Source
The Orthodox Church
Timothy Ware (Kallistos Ware), Penguin Books, 1993View the Source
The Holy Bible
Anonymous (multiple authors), Robert Barker, 1611Matthew 6:9-13View the Source
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